ÿþ<html> <head> <title>CANADA</title> <meta http-equiv="!>45@68<>5-"8?" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"> <LINK href="styls.css" type=text/css rel=STYLESHEET> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" leftmargin="40" background="golub197.gif" vlink="#660099" alink="#660066"> <br> <h1 align="center"><a name="pr0"></a> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+7" color="#FF0000"><b>Canada</b></font></h1> <center> <p><img src="images/flag.jpg" width="261" height="122"> </p> <p>&nbsp; </p> </center> <h1 align="center"><font size="+2" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#000000"><b><font color="#990099">A BRIEF HISTORY OF CANADA</font></b></font></h1> <h1 align="left"><font size="2"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000">&nbsp; &nbsp;<font color="#333333"> <font color="#000000"> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;From its northern <font color="#0000CC">Arctic islands</font> (see picture C.01) to the majestic mountains of the Western Cordillera and the windswept tip of Newfoundland, Canada encompasses an area of almost 4 million square miles (10 million square kilometers). It is the largest country in North America but its entire population of approximately 30 million is equivalent to that of California. Most people reside close to the US border and the vast expanse of remaining land forms one of the most extensive wilderness areas in the world.</font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"> </font> </font></h1> <p align="center"><img src="images/common/Emerald_Lake.jpg" width="315" height="197"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.01)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#000000">Geographically, Canada is divided into six distinct regions: the Atlantic provinces, the interior lowlands, the Canadian Shield, the great plains, the western mountains and the Arctic archipelago. The largest of these is the Canadian Shield covering almost 50% of Canada's land mass. It forms a great arc around Hudson Bay and is roughly defined by the Atlantic, the St. Lawrence River, and the waterways that connect Lakes Huron, Superior, Winnipeg and Athabasca as well as the Great Slave and Great Bear Lakes. Although some highland areas exist, the Shield country consists mainly of low hills, countless lakes, marshes and rivers that were formed by the glacial erosion of ancient rocks. The rocky Shield topography of the Gulf coast of Labrador was described by early French explorer, Jacques Cartier, as '& being composed of stones and horrible rugged rocks; for along the north shore, I did not see one cart-load of earth& ' Later, Samuel de Champlain wrote that the terrain he encountered along the Ottawa River was 'very barren and sterile' and 'far from attractive'. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Much of the Canadian Shield is occupied by boreal forests that provide food and shelter for ducks, geese, numerous species of migratory birds and other woodland creatures. This area, possessing the world's greatest concentration of lakes and rivers, supported the fur trade on which Canada was built. Following Cartier's exploration of the St. Lawrence River to the Lachine Rapids near Montreal and Champlain's discovery of Lake Huron by way of the Ottawa River, French and Scottish voyageurs extended the main fur trade artery along the periphery of the Shield to Lake Athabasca. Fingers of lesser routes spread to Hudson Bay and penetrated the great plains to the foothills of the Rocky Mountains. Today, the region supports mining, logging and hydroelectric interests but the population remains low.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Boreal forests gradually give way to the Arctic tundra by means of a subarctic transitional zone that marks the treeline where conifers intermingle with the tundra. Shallow soils and permafrost prevent trees from developing deep roots and make them vulnerable to being blown over by strong winds. Consequently, they grow in sheltered stands and trees are stunted due to the extreme cold. This region of open forest patterns and stunted tree growth has been called 'the land of the little sticks.' Here, extensive pastures of bushy Cladonia lichen grow among the thinning forests. It is the main food source for caribou, moose and musk oxen during the winter months. These animals, in turn, provide food, clothing and shelter to woodland peoples. </font></font> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#000000">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The vast <font color="#0000CC">tundra</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.02)</font></font></font></font> <font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#000000">region of northern Canada extends beyond the Shield to the Yukon in the west and encompasses the Arctic archipelago. Including portions of Greenland and Alaska, it is the traditional homeland of the Inuit people who have adapted to one of the most adverse conditions on earth. Unable to control the Arctic environment at large, the sophisticated design and manufacture of their clothing created individual micro climates that allowed them to survive in extremely cold weather. It is no fluke that Robert Peary and Ronald Amundsen, attributed with conquering the North and South Poles respectively, both utilized Inuit technology in their endeavors. In spite of copying the design of the parka (Aleut) or anorak (Inuit 'anoraq') and advances in synthetic fibers, the modern world has been unable to duplicate the light weight, insulation and wicking qualities of their garments that were made from a variety of skins, furs and feathers. This unique culture was highlighted on April 1, 1999 with the establishment of their new homeland, the Territory of Nunavut, which was formerly the eastern part of the Northwest Territories. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Canadian portion of the great plains of North America is located between the Western Shield and the western mountains. It is an expansive area that gradually rises from the low lying lakes at the edge of the Shield to the foothills of the Richardson, Mackenzie and Rocky Mountain ranges. The southern part is a triangular section of fertile prairie land that is Canada's major wheat growing belt. Although it is now considered the agrarian heartland of Canada, the earliest settlements were the forts and towns associated with the fur trade. <br> When Champlain established a fur trading post in 1608 at the site of present day Quebec City, his primary objective was to find a river route to the Pacific. However, this goal was dependent on the success of the fur trading monopoly that had been granted to his employer, the Sieur de Monts. In 1610, with the hope of gaining greater knowledge about the interior and enhancing the monopoly's trading arrangements, Champlain convinced the Ottawa Algonquins to take some French boys to live with them. It was from this group of young men that emerged the coureurs de bois, men who embraced the freedom and adventure of life in the wilderness. </font> <p align="center"><img src="images/common/Elk.jpg" width="315" height="206"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.02)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#000000">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The overhunting and subsequent decline of beavers in the northeast resulted in territorial skirmishes for hunting grounds and control of the waterways that brought furs from the west. These conflicts escalated into the Beaver Wars (1630 -1700) among various tribes and in 1649, the Huron, who were the main suppliers to the French, were defeated by the Iroquois. The subsequent collapse of the French fur trade induced the authorities to liberalize the laws in 1653 to permit the bartering of trade goods for furs by others besides the established chartered monopolies. Seizing the opportunity, coureurs de bois, traders and trappers who already lived among native peoples, extended their activities westward where inland tribes were anxious to acquire European goods. At the same time, the prospect of wealth and adventure lured so many French youth to their ranks that only a year later in 1654, the Governor of New France forbade trading without written consent to leave the colony. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Among these traders/adventurers were Pierre Esprit Radisson and his brother-in-law, Medard Chouart, Sieur des Groseilliers, who were described by the Canadian writer, Grace Lee Nute, as the original 'Caesars of the Wilderness.' During the 1650's, they explored the region around Lakes Michigan and Superior and ventured north from Lake Superior to James Bay. Others followed and a hundred years later, the French had explored as far as the Rocky Mountains to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the south by way of the Mississippi River Valley. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;All of New France was ceded to the English in 1763 but the fur trade continued under the auspices of the independent traders in Montreal. Their hired paddlers became known as 'voyageurs,' a term sometimes used synonymously with 'coureurs de bois.' Stories of the Canadian Voyageurs are legendary. They were men of great strength, endurance, independence and adventure who were mainly recruited from the large French families and Scottish immigrants. As a group, they epitomized the indomitable spirit on which Canada was founded and they are often remembered for their songs that echoed in the wilderness and established a rhythm for their grueling work. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In 1775, Simon McTavish, a Scottish immigrant, moved from Albany, NY to Montreal with the idea of a joint venture to challenge the Hudson Bay Company's fur monopoly. Over a hundred years earlier, the Hudson Bay Company was established when the English acted upon Radisson and Groseilliers' recommendation to set up a trading post on James Bay in 1670. McTavish's North West partnership was launched in 1790. Whereas the Hudson Bay Company waited for native people to travel to their trading posts, the Nor'Westers actively sought out new sources of fur. Although McTavish and his partners generated enormous profits, the growing overhead of continual expansion drained their working capital and by 1821, they were forced to merge with the Hudson Bay Company. In only 33 years, the Nor'Westers had explored and mapped much of western Canada. It was Sir Alexander Mackenzie, a North West partner, who crossed the northern portion of the continent 13 years before Lewis and Clark's epic journey, to reach the Pacific. He had discovered the long sought after North West Passage but was disappointed to find that the waterways were impractical for transporting freight across the mountains.</font> <p align="center"><img src="images/common/Canyon_Ste_Anne.jpg" width="220" height="332"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.03)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#000000">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The mountains of <font color="#0000CC">western Canada</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.03)</font></font></font></font> <font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#000000">are known as the Western Cordillera. They form a continuous backbone that dominates British Columbia and the Yukon Territory with portions extending into the Northwest Territory and Alberta. Topographically, the Cordillera consists of the eastern mountains that rise from the great plains, the western, coastal mountains and the highland plateaus between them.<br> The Rocky Mountains are the highest of the Cordillera's eastern ranges. Comprised of a myriad of sub-ranges, they are easily accessed and boast some of the most dramatic landscapes in Canada with snow capped peaks, massive glaciers, lush, alpine meadows, roaring waterfalls and crystal-clear glacial lakes.<br> To the west, the St. Elias Mountains run from Alaska through the Yukon Territory to NW British Columbia and are the highest coastal mountains in the world. Canada's highest peak, Mt. Logan, is found here. <br> The Coast Mountains rise where the St. Elias Mountains end, in an unbroken wall with very few passes. It was journeying through the southern reach of the Canadian portion of these mountains to explore the Fraser River in 1808 that Simon Fraser, another North West fur trader, despaired, 'We had to pass where no human being should venture.& ' He and his men faced tortuous challenges as they portaged over moss covered outcrops and tenuous footholds along steep precipices where the river was too violent for their flimsy canoes. </font> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <h1 align="center"><a name="pr1"></a><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#000000"><b><font color="#009900">GEOGRAPHY</font></b></font> <br> </h1> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/GEOGRAPHY.jpg" width="469" height="288"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.01)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is the second largest <font color="#0000CC">country in the world</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.01)</font></font></font></font><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">. It has a total area of 9970610 square kilometers and is bordered by three oceans: the Pacific to the west, the Arctic to the north and the Atlantic to the east. Across the country, Canadians experience many different landscapes from rolling plains and mountains to the cold tundra of the north.<br> Canada can be divided into 5 major regions: the Pacific Region, the Prairie Provinces, Central Canada, the Atlantic Provinces and the North.</font> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">THE PACIFIC REGION</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">Pacific Region</font> includes </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.02)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> Canada's westernmost province, British Columbia. The region is known for its mild coastal climate, its forests, and its spectacular mountains, including the famous Rockies.</font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="center"> <img src="images/geography/Rockies.jpg" width="500" height="405"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.02)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Rocky Mountains are the youngest and highest mountains in Canada. British Columbia is the landform region called the Western Cordillera. Between the mountain ranges are areas of high plateaus and deep trenches. Since the landscape is very rugged, most people live in the south and near the coast. Vancouver and Victoria are the largest cities in Columbia.</font> </p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+2" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">THE PRAIRIE PROVINCES</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba are Canada's <font color="#0000CC">Prairie Provinces</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.03)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">.</font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="center"> <img src="images/geography/Alberta.jpg" width="389" height="291"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.03)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">Alberta</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;They are known for their rolling plains and extreme climate with long, cold winters and hot, dry summers. Much of the area is covered with farms producing large quantities of wheat and other grains. The region is also rich in oil and natural gas.<br> The Pacific Provinces are not only characterized by their rolling plains, however. Northern Saskatchewan and Manitoba are covered by the great Canadian Shield - a rocky landscape with lakes, rivers and forests that stretches over almost half of Canada. Southwestern Alberta has the Rocky Mountains and some of the spectacular scenery in the country.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">CENTRAL CANADA</font></b></font> <br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/CENTRAL%20CANADA.jpg" width="536" height="377"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.04)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">This region</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.04)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, which includes Ontario and Quebec, is not really the geographic centre of Canada. The region gets its name because, historically, it has been the centre of political and economic power in the country. Canada's capital city is Ottawa, Ontario. Central Canada is also the most heavily populated and industrialized area of Canada, particularly in the south around the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Great Lakes are the largest body of fresh water in the world. In order of size, they include Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake <font color="#0000CC">Ontario</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.05)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. Some of the first settlements in Canada were built along the St. Lawrence River and around the Great Lakes. Today, these waterways are still an important transportation route from the Atlantic Ocean to Canada's interior.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Though heavily populated, the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands in the south is only a small geographic region in Central Canada. The largest part by far of Central Canada is covered by the Rocky Canadian Shield. In the far north we find the Hudson Bay Lowlands, which are cold, flat and swampy, with very few towns and cities. This area is home mainly to Inuit and other indigenous peoples who have lived there for centuries.</font> <br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/diagramm1.jpg" width="536" height="286"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.05)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The easternmost region of the country includes the Maritime Provinces of New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia, as well as New Found land and Labrador. Fishing, shipping, and farming are important activities for the people of this area. The region has many small coastal communities, although there are also major industrial centres such as Halifax and Sydney in Nova Scotia.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; There are mountains in this region, the Appalachian Mountains, but they are not all like the grand, rugged mountain ns of the Pacific region. The Appalachians are old, rounded mountains. Valleys n the region, such as the Annapolis Valley in Nova Scotia, are important farming areas producing fruit, vegetables and dairy products. </font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">THE NORTH</font></b></font> <br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/Carson_Falls.jpg" width="386" height="290"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.06)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Canada's North</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.06)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">includes the Yukon Territory and the Northwest Territories, along with all of Canada's Arctic islands. To most Canadians this region is quite remote since 75% of Canada's population lives in the south within 160 km of the Canada-United States border. However, the North is home to over 85000 people, many of them indigenous peoples, and to a great variety of wildlife including caribou and polar bears.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">The North</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.07)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">covers a large area and has a varied landscape which includes mountains of the Western Cordillera, the Innuitian Mountains, the Arctic Lowlands, and parts of the Interior Plains and Canadian Shield. This varied landscape has one feature in common, however, extremely long, cold winters and a lot of snow. It is so cold that the earth is frozen for most of the year and never thaws more than half a meter from the surface. This permanently frozen layer of earth is called permafrost and has made construction in the North a real challenge for architects and builders.</font> <br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/diagram2.jpg" width="569" height="304"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.07)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Much of the <font color="#0000CC">North</font> is treeless tundra, but in the spring and summer the tundra plays host to a variety of beautiful wildflowers and shrubs. In the summer months, there is no darkness: the sun never sets. The summer season may be short, but it is all the more appreciated for its contrast with the long darkness of the winter. </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.08)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/diagram3.jpg" width="384" height="212"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.08)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">COMPREHENSION CHECK</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1. In land area, is Canada the largest second country, or forth largest country in the world?<br> 2. What is the name of Canada's newest and highest mountain range?<br> 3. What rocky landform region covers almost half of Canada?<br> 4. How many lakes are there in the largest body of fresh water in the world? What is this group of lakes called?<br> 5. In which part of Canada do you find tundra?</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">CANADA CLIMATE</font></b> </font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/waterfall.jpg" width="440" height="330"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.09)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Many people think of the weather in Canada as filled with Arctic blizzards and freezing cold. This is true for winters in remote areas of the northern territories, but the weather across the rest of Canada is actually far more varied and comfortable.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In the Atlantic region of eastern Canada, the meeting of <font color="#0000CC">ocean</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.09)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">and continent creates weather that can vary a great deal, even within the same season. In winter, there can be heavy snowfall, followed by rapid melting a short while later. This cycle repeats itself several times from December to March. The moist air of the ocean keeps temperatures moderate and comfortable on most days, with average highs of about23°C in summer and -2°C in winter. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The province of Quebec is a study in weather contrasts. The region experiences four distinct seasons each year, most notably extreme summers and winters. Hot and humid is the best way to describe the summer months, and winters are notoriously long, cold and snowy. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Despite the great amount of snow and cold, Quebec enjoys more winter sunshine than London or Paris. The average high temperature in Quebec ranges from 25°C in summer to -9°C in winter. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Ontario has unique weather and climate patterns, thanks to the Great Lakes. These immense bodies of water have a moderating effect in both summer and winter, leading to smaller average temperature variations throughout the year. There are differences in weather between southern and northern locations along the Great Lakes, but in general, the daily high temperature in the province ranges from 27°C in summer to -9°C in winter. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's Prairie Provinces - Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba - experience typical mid-continental weather patterns. Summers are hot, winters are cold, and rain is sparse. One of the most interesting aspects of this area is the &quot;Chinook&quot; wind. A Chinook is warm, dry wind that drops out of the Rockies in winter, causing temperatures to rise as much as 15°C in one day. Average high temperatures across the Prairie Provinces range from 26°C in summer to -17°C in winter. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;British Columbia enjoys both moderate coastal weather and more severe mountain weather in the Rockies. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The largest cities are located along the Pacific coast where summers and winters are mild and snowfall is generally rare. The mountainous areas experience more snow and more extreme winter temperatures, but the summers are generally warm and pleasant.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Georgia, Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">&quot;SNOW WORMS&quot;</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;There are no such things as &quot;snow worms&quot; - worm-like life forms that live in the northern environment of ice and snow. From time to time scientists have encountered some minute forms of life - larvae, etc. - embedded in fields of ice and snow, but such forms of life are non-native to ice and snow and were introduced accidentally to the domain. They thrive there for but a short period of time. Yet rumours persist that &quot;snow worms&quot; thrive in northern fields of ice and snow. Charles Fort, the American collector of oddities, discussed this notion in The Book of the Damned (1919). &quot;I accept that there are 'snow worms' upon this earth - whatever their origin may be,&quot; he stated. &quot;There is a description of yellow worms and black worms that have been found together on glaciers in Alaska. Almost positively there were no other forms of insect-life upon these glaciers, and there was no vegetation to support insect-life, except microscopic organisms. Nevertheless the description of this probably polymorphic species fits a description of larvae said to have fallen in Switzerland, and less definitely fits another description.&quot;</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;A satellite composite image of Canada. Boreal forests prevail on the rocky Canadian Shield. Ice and tundra are prominent in the Arctic. Glaciers are visible in the Canadian Rockies and Coast Mountains. Flat and fertile Prairies facilitate agriculture.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Great Lakes feed the St. Lawrence River (in the southeast) where lowlands host much of Canada's population. Canada occupies a major northern portion of North America, sharing land borders with the contiguous United States to the south and with the US state of Alaska to the northwest, stretching from the Atlantic Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west; to the north lies the Arctic Ocean. By total area (including its waters), Canada is the second largest country in the world, after Russia, and largest on the continent. By land area it ranks fourth, after Russia, China, and the United States. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and141°W longitude, but this claim is not universally recognized. The northernmost settlement in Canada and in the world is Canadian Forces Station (CFS) Alert on the northern tip of Ellesmere Island-latitude 82.5°N-just 817 kilometres (450 nautical miles) from the North Pole. <br> Canada has the longest coastline in the world: 243,000 kilometres. The population density, 3.5 inhabitants per square kilometre (9.1 /sq mi ), is among the lowest in the world. The most densely populated part of the country is the Quebec City- Windsor Corridor along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River in the southeast. To the north of this region is the broad Canadian Shield, an area of rock scoured clean by the last ice age, thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and dotted with lakes and rivers. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada by far has more lakes than any other country and has a large amount of the world's freshwater. <br> A Maritime scene at <font color="#0000CC">Peggys Cove</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.10)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, Nova Scotia, which has long been sustained by the Atlantic fishery.</font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/climate.jpg" width="114" height="81"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.10)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In eastern Canada, most people live in large urban centres on the flat Saint Lawrence Lowlands. The Saint Lawrence River widens into the world's largest estuary before flowing into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. The Gulf is bounded by Newfoundland to the north and the Maritime provinces to the south. The Maritimes protrude eastward along the Appalachian Mountain range from northern New England and the Gasp9 Peninsula of Quebec. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia are divided by the Bay of Fundy, which experiences the world's largest tidal variations. Ontario and Hudson Bay dominate central Canada. West of Ontario, the broad, flat Canadian Prairies spread toward the Rocky Mountains, which separate them from British Columbia.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In northwestern Canada, the Mackenzie River flows from the Great Slave Lake to<br> the Arctic Ocean. A tributary of a tributary of the Mackenzie is the South Nahanni River, which is home to Virginia Falls, a waterfall about twice as high as Niagara Falls. Northern Canadian vegetation tapers from coniferous forests to tundra and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast archipelago containing some of the world's largest islands.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada vary depending on the location. Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the interior and Prairie Provinces which experience a continental climate, where daily average temperatures are near?15 °C (5 °F) but can drop below ?40 °C (?40 °F) with severe wind chills. In non-coastal regions, snow can cover the ground almost six months of the year (more in the north). Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter. On the east and west coast average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s°C (70s °F), while between the coasts the average summer high temperature ranges from 25 to30 °C (75 to85 °F) with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40 °C (104 °F). <br> </font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#990099">Lakes</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;There are some two million lakes in Canada, covering about 7.6 percent of the Canadian landmass. The main lakes, in order of the surface area located in Canada (many large lakes are traversed by the Canada-U.S. border), are <font color="#0000CC">Huron, Great Bear, Superior, Great Slave, Winnipeg, Erie and Ontario</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.1.11)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. The largest lake situated entirely in Canada is Great Bear Lake (31 328 km2) in the Northwest Territories. The deepest lake is Great Slave Lake, N.W.T., 614 metres.<br> The Great Lakes - Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie and Ontario - are the largest group of freshwater lakes in the world. They have a total surface area of 245 000 square kilometres, of which about one third is in Canada; only Lake Michigan is entirely within the USA.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Ontario is the only province, state, or territory that borders all 4 Great Lakes that touch Canada. <br> The largest lake in the world to drain naturally in two directions is Wollaston Lake in Saskatchewan, 2681 square kilometres. It flows north into the Mackenzie River basin and east into Hudson Bay.<br> The world's largest lake inside a lake, Manitou Lake, is located on the world's largest lake island, Manitoulin Island, which is located on Lake Huron. Manitoulin Island covers 2 765 square kilometres. The largest island in Canada is Baffin Island, Nunavut, 507 451 square kilometres. </font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/geography/Lakes.jpg" width="482" height="361"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.1.11)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#990099">Rivers</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Rivers in Canada flow into five major ocean drainage basins: the Pacific, Arctic and Atlantic oceans, Hudson Bay and the Gulf of Mexico. The drainage basin areas are separated by a drainage divide or height of land. The river system with the largest drainage area is the Mackenzie River. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The St. Lawrence (3 058 kilometres long) is Canada's most important river, providing a seaway for ships from the Great Lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. The longest Canadian river is the Mackenzie, which flows 4 241 kilometres through the Northwest Territories. Other large watercourses include the Yukon and the Columbia (parts of which flow through U.S. territory), the Nelson, the Churchill, and the Fraser - along with major tributaries such as the Saskatchewan, the Peace, the Ottawa, the Athabasca and the Liard.</font><br> </p> <ul> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <h2 align="center"><br> <a name="pr2"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#009900">HISTORY</font></b></font></h2> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The name Canada most likely comes from a St. Lawrence Iroquoian word kanata, meaning &quot;village&quot; or &quot;settlement&quot;. In 1535, inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct explorer Jacques Cartier toward the village of Stadacona. Cartier used the word 'Canada' to refer to not only that village, but the entire area subject to Donnacona, Chief at Stadacona. By 1545, European books and maps began referring to this region as Canada.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The French colony of Canada referred to the part of New France along the Saint Lawrence River and the northern shores of the Great Lakes. Later, it was split into two British colonies, called Upper Canada and Lower Canada until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Upon Confederation in 1867, the name Canada was adopted for the entire country, and Dominion was conferred as the country's title. It was frequently referred to as the Dominion of Canada until the 1950s. As Canada asserted its political autonomy from Britain, the federal government increasingly used Canada on legal state documents and treaties. The Canada Act1982 refers only to &quot;Canada&quot; and, as such, it is currently the only legal (and bilingual) name. This was reflected in 1982 with the renaming of the national holiday from <font color="#0000CC">Dominion Day</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.2.01)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> to Canada Day. </font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/history/Canada_Day.jpg" width="264" height="156"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.2.01)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The fur trade was Canada's most important industry until the 1800s. Various groups of Inuit and First Peoples inhabited North America prehistorically. While no written documents exist, various forms of rock art, petroforms, petroglyphs, and ancient artifacts provide thousands of years of information about the past. Archaeological studies support a human presence in northern Yukon from 26,500 years ago, and in southern Ontario from 9,500 years ago. Europeans first arrived when the Vikings settled briefly at L'Anse aux Meadows circa AD 1000. The next Europeans to explore Canada's Atlantic coast included John Cabot in1497 for England and Jacques Cartier in 1534 for France; seasonal Basque whalers and fishermen would subsequently exploit the region between the Grand Banks and Tadoussac for over a century. French explorer Samuel de Champlain arrived in 1603 and established the first permanent European settlements at Port Royal in 1605 and Quebec City in 1608. These would become respectively the capitals of Acadia and Canada. Among French colonists of New France, Canadiens extensively settled the St. Lawrence River valley, Acadians settled the present-day Maritimes, while French fur traders and Catholic missionaries explored the Great Lakes, Hudson Bay and the Mississippi watershed to Louisiana. The French and Iroquois Wars broke out over control of the fur trade. The Death of General Wolfe on the Plains of Abraham at Quebec in 1759, part of the Seven Years' War. The English established fishing outposts in Newfoundland around 1610 and colonized the Thirteen Colonies to the south. A series of four Intercolonial Wars erupted between1689 and1763. Mainland Nova Scotia came under British rule with the Treaty of Utrecht (1713); the Treaty of Paris (1763) ceded Canada and most of New France to Britain following the Seven Years' War. The Royal Proclamation (1763) carved the Province of Quebec out of New France and annexed Cape Breton Island to Nova Scotia. It also restricted the language and religious rights of French Canadians. In 1769, St. John's Island (now Prince Edward Island) became a separate colony. To avert conflict in Quebec, the Quebec Act of 1774 expanded Quebec's territory to the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley, and re-established the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law in Quebec; it angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, helping to fuel the American Revolution. The Treaty of Paris (1783) recognized American independence and ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States. Approximately 50,000 United Empire Loyalists fled the United States to Canada. New Brunswick was split from Nova Scotia as part of a reorganization of Loyalist settlements in the Maritimes. To accommodate English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the Constitutional Act of 1791 divided the province into French-speaking Lower Canada and English-speaking Upper Canada, granting each their own elected Legislative Assembly. Canada was a major front in the War of 1812 between the United States and British Empire. Its defense contributed to a sense of unity among British North Americans. Large- scale immigration to Canada began in 1815 from Britain and Ireland. The timber industry would also surpass the fur trade in importance in the early 1800s. Fathers of Confederation by Robert Harris, an amalgamation of Charlottetown and Quebec conference scenes. The desire for Responsible Government resulted in the aborted Rebellions of 1837. The Durham Report (1839) would subsequently recommend responsible government and the assimilation of French Canadians into British culture. The Act of Union (1840) merged The Canadas into a United Province of Canada. French and English Canadians worked together in the Assembly to reinstate French rights. Responsible government was established for all British North American provinces by 1849. The signing of the Oregon Treaty by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the Oregon boundary dispute, extending the border westward along the 49th parallel, and paving the way for British colonies on Vancouver Island (1849) and in British Columbia (1858). Canada launched a series of western exploratory expeditions to claim Rupert's Land and the Arctic region. The Canadian population grew rapidly because of high birth rates; British immigration was offset by emigration to the United States, especially by French Canadians moving to New England.</font></p> <p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; An animated map, exhibiting the growth and change of Canada's provinces and territories since <font color="#0000CC">Confederation</font>. </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.2.02)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/history/Confederation.jpg" width="216" height="168"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.2.02)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Following several constitutional conferences, the Constitution Act, 1867 brought about Confederation creating &quot;one Dominion under the name of Canada&quot; on July 1, 1867 with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the North-Western Territory to form the Northwest Territories, where M9tis' grievances ignited the Red River Rebellion and the creation of the province of Manitoba in July1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had united in 1866) and the colony of Prince Edward Island joined Confederation in 1871 and 1873, respectively. Prime Minister John A. Macdonald's Conservative Party established a National Policy of tariffs to protect nascent Canadian manufacturing industries. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;To open the West, the government sponsored construction of three trans-continental railways (most notably the Canadian Pacific Railway), opened the prairies to settlement with the Dominion Lands Act, and established the North-West Mounted Police to assert its authority over this territory. In 1898, after the Klondike Gold Rush in the Northwest Territories, the Canadian government created the Yukon territory. Under Liberal Prime Minister Wilfrid Laurier, continental <font color="#0000CC">European immigrants</font> settled the prairies, and Alberta and Saskatchewan became provinces in 1905.<br> Canadian soldiers won the Battle of Vimy Ridge in 1917 </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.2.03)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. </font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/history/Battle_of_Vimy_Ridge.jpg" width="217" height="166"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.2.03)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada automatically entered the First World War in 1914 with Britain's declaration of war, sending volunteers to the Western Front, who played a substantial role in the Battle of Vimy Ridge. The Conscription Crisis of 1917 erupted when conservative Prime Minister Robert Borden brought in compulsory military service over the objection of French- speaking Quebecers. In 1919, Canada joined the League of Nations independently of Britain; in 1931 the Statute of Westminster affirmed Canada's independence.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Great Depression of 1929 brought economic hardship to all of Canada. In response, the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) in Alberta and Saskatchewan presaged welfare state as pioneered by Tommy Douglas in the 1940s and 1950s. <font color="#0000CC">Canada declared</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.2.04) </font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">war on Germany independently during World War II under Liberal Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King, three days after Britain. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. Canadian troops played important roles in the Battle of the Atlantic, the failed 1942 Dieppe Raid in France, the Allied invasion of Italy, the D-Day landings, the Battle of Normandy and the Battle of the Scheldt in 1944. The Canadian economy boomed as industry manufactured military materiel for Canada, Britain, China and the Soviet Union. Despite another Conscription Crisis in Quebec, Canada finished the war with one of the largest armed forces in the world. In 1949, Newfoundland joined Confederation. Post-war prosperity and economic expansion ignited a baby boom and attracted immigration from war-ravaged European countries.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/history/Registrar_General.jpg" width="147" height="133"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.2.04)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Queen and the Registrar General signing the Constitution Act, 1982. Under successive Liberal governments of Lester B. Pearson and Pierre Trudeau, a new Canadian identity emerged. Canada adopted its current Maple Leaf Flag in 1965. In response to a more assertive French-speaking Quebec, the federal government became officially bilingual with the Official Languages Act of 1969. Non-discriminatory Immigration Acts were introduced in 1967 and 1976, and official multiculturalism in 1971; waves of non-European immigration had changed the face of the country. Social democratic programs such as Universal Health Care, the Canada Pension Plan, and Canada Student Loans were initiated the 1960s and in consolidated in the 1970s; provincial governments, particularly Quebec, fought these as incursions into their jurisdictions. Finally, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau pushed through the patriation of the constitution from Britain, enshrining a Charter of Rights and Freedoms based on individual rights in the Constitution Act of 1982. Canadians continue to take pride in their system of universal health care, their commitment to multiculturalism, and human rights.<br> Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes during the Quiet Revolution of the1960s. Quebec nationalists under Jean Lesage began pressing for greater autonomy. The radical Front de lib9ration du Qu9bec (FLQ) ignited the October Crisis in 1970 with bombings and kidnappings. The more moderate Parti Qu9b9cois of Ren9 L9vesque came to power in 1976 and held an unsuccessful referendum on sovereignty-association in 1980. Efforts by Progressive Conservative (PC) government of Brian Mulroney to recognize Quebec as a &quot;distinct society&quot; under the Meech Lake Accord in 1987 collapsed in 1989. Anger in French Quebec and a sense of alienation in Canada's western provinces resulted in a sovereignist federal party Bloc Qu9b9cois under Lucien Bouchard and the Reform Party of Canada under Preston Manning rising to prominence in the election of 1993. Each advocated greater decentralization in Canadian federalism. Another Parti Qu9b9cois government in Quebec led by Jacques Parizeau held a second referendum in 1995 that was rejected by a slimmer margin of just 50.6% to49.4%. In 1997, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled unilateral secession by a province to be unconstitutional, and Parliament passed the &quot;Clarity Act&quot; outlining the terms of a negotiated departure. A merger of Reform and PC Parties into the Conservative Party of Canada was completed in 2003. Stephen Harper became party leader and formed a minority government in2006.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">The History of the National Anthem</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">&nbsp;&quot;O Canada&quot;</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.2.05)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">was proclaimed Canada's national anthem on July 1, 1980, 100 years after it was first sung on June 24, 1880. The music was composed by Calixa Lavall?e, a well-known composer; French lyrics to accompany the music were written by Sir Adolphe-Basile Routhier. The song gained steadily in popularity. Many English versions have appeared over the years. The version on which the official English lyrics are based was written in 1908 by Mr. Justice Robert Stanley Weir. The official English version includes changes recommended in 1968 by a Special Joint Committee of the Senate and House of Commons. The French lyrics remain unaltered. <br> </font> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#990000">Official Lyrics of O Canada!</font> <img src="images/history/note.jpg" width="64" height="94"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">O Canada!<br> Our home and native land!<br> True patriot love in all thy sons command.<br> With glowing hearts we see thee rise,<br> The True North strong and free!<br> From far and wide,<br> O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.<br> God keep our land glorious and free!<br> O Canada, we stand on guard for thee.<br> O Canada, we stand on guard for thee. </font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><img src="images/history/song.jpg" width="357" height="539"></p> <p align="justify"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.2.05)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b>Comprehension Check</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">1. Where did the first European settlers in Canada come from?<br> 2. Why did the early explorers first come to Atlantic Canada?<br> 3. What three industries helped the early settlers build communities in the Atlantic region?<br> 4. Who were the United Empire Loyalists?<br> 5. When did settlers from France first establish communities on the St. Lawrence River?<br> 6. Which trade spread across Canada, making it important to the economy for over 300 years?<br> 7. What form of transportation did Aboriginal peoples and fur traders use to create trading networks in North America?<br> 8. What important trade did the Hudson's Bay Company control?<br> 9. What did the government do to make immigration to western Canada much easier?<br> 10. What does the Canadian flag look like? <br> 11. What song is Canada's national anthem?<br> 12. Give the first two lines of Canada's national anthem.<br> 13. Where does the name &quot;Canada&quot; come from?<br> 14. Which animal is an official symbol of Canada?<br> 15. What is the tower in the centre of the Parliament buildings called?</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2">Complete the table renewing the chronology of the events in Canada's history</font></p> <table width="37%" border="2"> <tr> <td width="29%"> DATE</td> <td width="71%">EVENT</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td width="29%">&nbsp;</td> <td width="71%">&nbsp;</td> </tr> </table> <p align="justify"></p> <p align="justify"></p> <p align="justify"> </p> <p align="justify"></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Read the text about exploration and settlement of Canada and answer the questions:</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> 1. Who may have been the first Europeans to arrive in North America?<br> 2. Who was the most famous Vikings explorer?<br> 3. Did the Vikings establish a permanent settlement in North America?<br> 4. When did the Europeans again sail to America?<br> 5. Why were traders interested in the exploration of North America?<br> 6. Who was John Cabot?<br> 7. Whom did France send to explore America? Was the explorer successful?<br> 8. What did Cartier find in North America?</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<font size="+2">&nbsp;Read the text about fish and furs and detect the mistakes in the summary of this text:</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; European traders visited the east coast frequently. They caught the fish, preserve them and sold to the Native people of America. These fishermen were the first Europeans to establish summer settlements along the east coast. The Native people never traded with the fishermen. They gave the Europeans furs. People in Europe paid a low price for furs as they were fashionable. Later the European traders settled in Canada for the whole year.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <h2 align="center"><a name="pr3"></a><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#009900">GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS</font></b></font></h2> <p align="center"><img src="images/flag2.jpg" width="450" height="300"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.01)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/GOVERNMENT/Parliament_Hill.jpg" width="181" height="158"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.02)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is a constitutional monarchy with Elizabeth II, Queen of Canada, as head of state. The country is a parliamentary democracy with a federal system of parliamentary government and strong democratic traditions. Executive authority is constitutionally vested in the monarch, but is in practice exercised by the Cabinet, a committee of the Queen's Privy Council, through the monarch's representative, the Governor General. In practice, the role of the monarch and viceroy is apolitical and predominantly ceremonial in order to ensure the stability of government. By convention, all governmental matters are almost invariably deferred to ministers in the Cabinet, who are themselves responsible to the elected House of Commons. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Real executive power is therefore said to lie with the Cabinet, though the monarch and Governor General do retain the right to use discretionary powers in exceptional constitutional crisis situations. The Prime Minister, generally the leader of the political party that commands the confidence of the <font color="#0000CC">House of Commons</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.02 and </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">C.3.01</font></font></font></font><font color="#000000">)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, is appointed by the Governor General to select and head the Cabinet; thus, the Prime Minister's Office is one of thost powerful organs of government, responsible for selecting, besides the other Cabinet members, Senators, federal court judges, heads of Crown corporations and government agencies, and the federal and provincial viceroys for appointment. The leader of the party with the second most seats usually becomes the Leader of the Opposition and is part of an adversarial Parliamentary system that keeps the government in check. Michalle Jean has served as Governor General since September27, 2005; Stephen Harper, leader of the Conservative Party has been Prime Minister since February 6, 2006; and Stephanie Dion, leader of the Liberal Party of Canada, has been Leader of the Opposition since December 2, 2006.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;There are federal, provincial, territorial and municipal (or local) levels of government in Canada. The responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments were first defined in 1867 in the British North America Act.<br> In general, the federal government takes major responsibility for matters that affect all of Canada. These include national defence, foreign policy and citizenship. Provincial and territorial governments look after such matters as education, health care and highways. They share responsibilities with the federal government in some areas.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The municipal (or local) governments of each city or community are responsible firefighting, snow removal and for matters such as recycling programs. Canadian citizens can vote in elections for all levels of government.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font size="+3" color="#990099">The Parliament of Canada</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is a democracy. It has a system of parliamentary government. Parliament has three parts: the Queen, the House of Commons and the Senate. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II is our Head of State. The Governor General of Canada is the Queen's representative in Canada. Canadians elect representatives, called members of Parliament (or MPs), to sit in the House of Commons. The people who serve in the Senate are chosen by the Prime Minister and appointed by the Governor General. They are called senators. The Prime Minister is the leader of the political party with the most elected members of Parliament sitting in the House of Commons.<br> The Chamber of the <font color="#0000CC">House of Commons</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.03)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. </font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/GOVERNMENT/House_of_ommons.jpg" width="134" height="123"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.03)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The federal parliament is made up of the Queen and two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed Senate. Each member in the House of Commons is elected by simple plurality in a riding or electoral district; general elections are called by the Governor General when the Prime Minister so advises or when the government loses the confidence of the House. While there is no minimum term for a Parliament, a new election must be called within five years of the last general election. Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, are chosen by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by the Governor General, and serve until age 75. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Four parties have had substantial representation in the federal parliament since2006 elections: the Conservative Party of Canada (governing party), the Liberal Party of Canada (Official Opposition), the New Democratic Party (NDP), and the Bloc Qu9b9cois. The Green Party of Canada does not have current representation in Parliament, but garners a significant share of the national vote. The list of historical parties with elected representation is substantial.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canadians vote in elections for the people they want to represent them in the House of Commons. In each election, voters may re-elect the same members of the House of Commons or choose new ones.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Federal elections are usually held every four years. The Prime Minister may ask the Governor General to call an earlier election. According to Canada's Constitution, an election must be held within five years of the last election.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is divided into 308 electoral districts. An electoral district is a geographical area represented by a member of the House of Commons. The citizens of each electoral district elect one member of the House of Commons who sits in the House of Commons. Canadian citizens who are at least18 years old may election. The people who run for run in a federal office are called candidates. There can be many candidates in an electoral district. The people in each electoral district vote for the candidate of their choice. The candidate who receives the most votes becomes the member of the House of Commons for that electoral district. A member of the House of Commons represents everyone who lives in his or her electoral district, even the people who did not vote for him or her. Your member of the House of Commons is your link to the federal government. Your member of the House of Commons helps you by:<br> </font> <ol> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - representing your ideas when new laws are being proposed; </font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - asking questions about the federal government on your behalf; </font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - helping you if you need information from the federal government or if you have any problems with the government. </font> </ol> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;It is easy to contact your member of the House of Commons. To find his or her the telephone book under name, look in the blue pages of &quot;Government of Canada.&quot; Call the toll-free number under &quot;Information on the Government of Canada.&quot; Give your address to the information officer who answers your call and he or she will give you the name and telephone number of your member of the House of Commons. You can also find out about your member of the House of Commons by calling Elections Canada toll-free at1 800 463-6868, or if you have access to Internet, by visiting its Web site at www.elections.ca. </font> <p></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#990099"><br> <b><font size="+3">Political parties</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Most candidates in federal elections belong to a political party. A political party is a group of people who share ideas about how the government should work. Some political parties have been around for a long time, but Canadians can create new political parties at any time. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Members of political parties hold meetings where they discuss their ideas and opinions. They develop plans for what they would do if their <br> candidates were elected to form the government. The plans they make are called the party platform. Members of political parties help to:<br> </font> </p> <ol> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - decide on the party platform;</font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - choose the party leader;</font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - choose the party's candidates;</font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - campaign for party candidates in elections. </font></p> <p>&nbsp; </p> </ol> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Candidates who do not belong to a political party are called independents.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#990099">Voting</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; One of the privileges and responsibilities of Canadian citizenship is the right to vote. Elections Canada is the non-partisan agency of Parliament responsible for conducting federal elections and referendums.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> You are eligible to vote in a federal election or cast a ballot in a federal referendum if you are:<br> </font> </p> <ol> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - a Canadian citizen;</font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - at least 18 years old on voting day;</font></p> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> - on the voters list. </font> </p> <p>&nbsp;</p> </ol> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The voters lists used during federal elections and referendums are produced from the National Register of Electors, a permanent database of Canadian citizens 18 years of age and older, who are qualified to vote in federal elections and referendums </font> <p></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b><font size="+3" color="#990099">Making laws</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; When the government proposes a new law to Parliament, it is called a bill. MPs and senators have several opportunities to debate each new bill in the House of Commons and the Senate. Then the MPs and senators vote on the bill. To become law, a bill must be approved by majorities in both the House of Commons and the Senate. Once a majority of MPs and senators have approved a bill, the Governor General gives final approval and the bill becomes law.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Supreme Court of Canada in Ottawa, west of <font color="#0000CC">Parliament Hill</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.04)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">.</font> <br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/GOVERNMENT/Supreme_Court_of_Canada.jpg" width="228" height="153"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.04)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The constitution is the supreme law of the country, and consists of written text and unwritten conventions. The Constitution Act, 1867, affirmed governance based on parliamentary precedent &quot;similar in principle to that of the United Kingdom&quot; and divided powers between the federal and provincial governments; the Statute of Westminster, 1931, granted full autonomy; and the Constitution Act, 1982, added the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which guarantees basic rights and freedoms that usually cannot be overridden by any level of government - though a notwithstanding clause allows the federal parliament and provincial legislatures to override certain sections of the Charter for a period of five years - and added a constitutional amending formula. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's judiciary plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The Supreme Court of Canada is the highest court and final arbiter and is led by the Right Honourable Madam Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin , P.C. since2000. Its nine members are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister and Minister of Justice. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet also appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels. Judicial posts at the lower provincial and territorial levels are filled by their respective governments.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Common law prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where civil law predominates. Criminal law is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is a provincial responsibility, but in rural areas of all provinces except Ontario and Quebec, policing is contracted to the federal Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP).</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">Other levels of government in Canada</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; There are federal, provincial, territorial and municipal (or local) levels of government in Canada. The responsibilities of the federal and provincial governments were first defined in 1867 in the British North America Act.<br> In general, the federal government takes major responsibility for matters that affect all of Canada. These include national defence, foreign policy and citizenship. Provincial and territorial governments look after such matters as education, health care and highways. They share responsibilities with the federal government in some areas.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The municipal (or local) governments of each city or community are responsible firefighting, snow removal and for matters such as recycling programs. Canadian citizens can vote in elections for all levels of government.<br> Each provincial and territorial government has an elected legislature where provincial and territorial laws are passed. The members of the legislature are called members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs), members of the National Assembly (MNAs), members of the Provincial Parliament (MPPs) or members of the House of Assembly (MHAs), depending on the province or territory.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Municipal governments usually have a council that passes laws. These laws <br> are called by-laws, and affect only the local community. The council includes a mayor and other elected representatives, often called councilors. Provincial, territorial and municipal elections are held by secret ballot, but the rules are not the same as those for federal elections. It is important to find out the rules for voting in provincial, territorial and local elections so that you can exercise your right to vote.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Foreign relations and military.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">Peacekeeping Monument in Ottawa</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.05)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. </font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/GOVERNMENT/Peacekeeping_Monument.jpg" width="173" height="120"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.05)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada and the United States share the world's longest undefended border, co-operate on military campaigns and exercises, and are each other's largest trading partners. Canada has nevertheless maintained an independent foreign policy, most notably maintaining full relations with Cuba and declining to participate in the Iraq War. Canada also maintains historic ties to the United Kingdom and France and to other former British and French colonies through Canada's membership in the Commonwealth of Nations and La Francophonie (French- Speaking Countries). Canada currently employs a professional, volunteer military force of about 64,000 regular and26,000 reserve personnel. The unified Canadian Forces (CF) comprise the army, navy, and air force. Major CF equipment deployed includes 1,400 armoured fighting vehicles, 34 combat vessels, and 861 aircraft.</font></p> <p align="justify"> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Lester B. Pearson with 1957 Nobel Peace Prize</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.06)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">.</font> <br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/GOVERNMENT/Lester_B.Pearson.jpg" width="204" height="211"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.06)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Strong attachment to the British Empire and Commonwealth in English Canada led to major participation in British military efforts in the Second Boer War, the First World War, and the Second World War. Since then, Canada has been an advocate for multilateralism, making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations. Canada joined the United Nations in 1945 and became a founding member of NATO in 1949. During the Cold War, Canada was a major contributor to UN forces in the Korean War, and founded the North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) in cooperation with the United States to defend against aerial attacks from the Soviet Union. Canada has played a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Lester B. Pearson eased tensions by proposing the inception of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force. Canada has since served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989 and has since maintained forces in international missions in the former Yugoslavia and elsewhere. Canada joined the Organization of American States (OAS) in 1990; Canada hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor in June 2000 and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001. Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum </font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(APEC). </font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/GOVERNMENT/Canadian_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg" width="228" height="192"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.07)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Since 2001, Canada has had troops <font color="#0000CC">deployed in Afghanistan</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.07)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">as part and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded International Security Assistance of the US stabilization force Force. Canada's Disaster Assistance Response Team (DART) has participated in three major relief efforts in the past two years; the two-hundred member team has been deployed in relief operations after the December 2004 tsunami in South Asia, Hurricane Katrina in September 2005 and the Kashmir earthquake in October 2005.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In February 2007, Canada, Italy, Britain, Norway, and Russia announced their funding commitments to launch a $1.5 billion project to help develop vaccines they said could save millions of lives in poor nations, and called on others to join them. In August2007, Canadian sovereignty in Arctic waters was challenged following a Russian expedition that planted a Russian flag at the seabed at the North Pole. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada has considered that area to be sovereign territory since 1925.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+2">Comprehension Check</font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1. What does Confederation mean?<br> 2. What is the Canadian Constitution?<br> 3. What year was Confederation?<br> 4. When did the British North America Act come into effect?<br> 5. Why is the British North America Act important in Canadian history?<br> 6. Which four provinces first formed Confederation?<br> 7. Which was the last province to join Canada?<br> 8. When Canada Day is and what does it celebrate?<br> 9. Who was the first Prime Minister of Canada?<br> 10. Why is the Constitution Act, 1982 important in Canadian history?<br> 11. Who is Canada's Head of State?<br> 12. Who is the Queen's representative in Canada?<br> 13. What is the name of the Governor General?<br> 14. What do you call the Queen's representative in the provinces?<br> 15. What is Canada's system of government called?<br> 16. What are the three parts of Parliament?<br> 17. Explain how the levels of government are different.<br> 18. What do you call a law before it is passed?<br> 19. How are members of Parliament chosen?</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <h2 align="center"><a name="pr4"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#009900">CANADA ECONOMY</font></b></font></h2> <p align="center"><img src="images/economy/moneys.jpg" width="167" height="389"> <img src="images/economy/coin.jpg" width="115" height="130"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.08)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canadian <font color="#0000CC">banknotes</font> depicting,</font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000"> (see picture C.3.08)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> top to <font color="#0000CC">bottom</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.10)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, Wilfred Laurier, John A. Macdonald, Queen Elizabeth II, William Lyon Mackenzie King, and Robert Borden.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations, with a high per-capita income, a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and Group of Eight. Canada is a mixed market, ranking lower than the U.S. but higher than most western European nations on the Heritage Foundation's index of economic freedom. Since the early 1990s, the Canadian economy has been growing rapidly with low unemployment and large government surpluses on the federal level. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Today Canada closely resembles the US in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards. As of October 2007, Canada's national unemployment rate of 5.9% is its lowest in 33 years. Provincial unemployment rates vary from a low of 3.6% in Alberta to a high of 14.6% in Newfoundland and Labrador. In the past century, the growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. As with other first world nations, the Canadian economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians. However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two of Canada's most important. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is one of the few developed nations that are net exporters of energy. Atlantic Canada has vast offshore deposits of natural gas and large oil and gas resources are centred in Alberta. The vast Athabasca Tar Sands give Canada the world's second largest reserves of oil behind Saudi Arabia. In Quebec, British Columbia, Newfoundland &amp; Labrador, New Brunswick, Ontario and Manitoba, hydroelectric power is a cheap and clean source of renewable energy.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is one of the world's most important suppliers of agricultural products, with the Canadian Prairies one of the most important suppliers of wheat, canola and other grains.<br> Canada is the world's largest producer of zinc and uranium and a world leader in many other natural resources such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead; many, if not most, towns in the northern part of the country, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with automobiles and aeronautics representing particularly important industries. Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Canada-United States Automotive Agreement (or Auto Pact) in 1965 opened the<br> borders to trade in the auto manufacturing industry. The Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement (FTA) of 1988 eliminated tariffs between the two countries, while North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) expanded the free trade zone to include Mexico in the 1990s. Canadian nationalists continue to worry about their cultural autonomy as American television shows, Since 2001, Canada has successfully avoided economic recession and has movies and corporations are omnipresent. maintained the best overall economic performance in the G8. Since the mid-1990s, Canada's federal government has posted annual budgetary surpluses and has steadily paid down the national debt.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">TAX SYSTEM</font></b></font> <font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.09)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/economy/TAX_SYSTEM.jpg" width="515" height="232"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.09)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Well once again it is that time of year when Canadians start to think about their taxes. The Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) is the organization that is responsible for administering tax laws for the Government of Canada and for most provinces and territories, excluding Quebec. Income tax is either deducted at source by an employer, or if self-employed is payable via a self assessment process. </font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">You will need to submit a tax return if:<br> </font> </p> <ul> <li><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> You need to pay tax for 2007; </font> </li> <li><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> You are sent a request to file a return; </font> </li> <li><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> You disposed of property or shares in 2007; </font> </li> <li><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> You have to repay any Old Age Security or Employment Insurance benefits; </font> </li> <li><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> You have to contribute to the Canada Pension Plan (CPP). </font> </li> </ul> <ol> <p>&nbsp;</p> </ol> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">If none of the above applies, you can still choose to file a return if:</font></p> <ul> <li><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> You wan to claim a refund; </font> </li> <li><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> You want to apply for GST/HST credit; </font> </li> <li><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> You want to receive Canada Child Tax Benefits. </font></li> </ul> <ol> <p>&nbsp; </p> </ol> <p></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/economy/coins.jpg" width="339" height="282"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.10)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">Filing Dates</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Tax returns and any amounts owing need to be filed and paid on or before 30th April 2008 for all personal tax returns. If you are self-employed you have to file your return on or before 15th June2008, but if a balance is owed, this has to be paid on or before April 30th 2008. Each province and territory has its own tax and benefit package and you need to use the one relevant to the province or territory you were resident in on December 31st 2007. The package includes a guide to taxes and benefits and details of how to complete the forms as well as the forms themselves. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;If you have a small business </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.11)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">that is incorporated you will need to complete both personal and business tax returns. If your small business is unincorporated then only a personal tax return is required, however a &quot;statement of business activities&quot; will need to be included.</font> <br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/economy/money.jpg" width="175" height="115"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.11)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+2" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">PETROL PRICES IN DIFFERENT PROVINCES</font></b> <font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.3.12)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/economy/PETROL_PRICES_IN_DIFFERENT_PROVINCES.jpg" width="291" height="252"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.3.12)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b>Comprehension Check</b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1. What are the three main types of industries in Canada?<br> 2. In what industry do most Canadians work?<br> 3. What country is Canada's largest trading partner?<br> 4. Which region is known as the industrial and manufacturing heartland of Canada?<br> 5. Which region of Canada is known for both its fertile agricultural land and valuable energy resources?</font></p> </ul> <p align="justify"></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><i><a href="#pr0">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</a></i></font></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr5"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#990099">Religion in Canada</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In the Canada 2001 Census, 72% of the Canadian population list Roman Catholicism or Protestantism as their religion. The Roman Catholic Church in Canada is by far the country's largest single denomination. Those who listed no religion account for 16% of total respondents. In British Columbia, however, 35% of respondents reported no religion - more than any single denomination and more than all Protestants combined. For further information on historically significant religions in Canada, please see Canadian census results on religion.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2" color="#660000">Top Religious Denominations in Canada</font></b><br> </p> <center> <table width="75%" border="2"> <tr> <td height="63" colspan="2"> <div align="center"><b><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">2001</font></b></div> </td> <td height="63" colspan="2"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font size="+1">1991</font></b></font></div> </td> <td height="91" rowspan="2" width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>% change<br> (in numbers)</b></font><br> </div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%" height="26"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Number</font></div> </td> <td width="12%" height="26"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">%</font></div> </td> <td width="14%" height="26"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Number</font></div> </td> <td width="14%" height="26"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">%</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Christian</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">77</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">80</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Roman Catholic</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">12,936,905</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">43.6</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">12,203,625</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">45.2</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+4.8</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Total Protestant</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">8,654,850</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">29.2</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">9,427,675</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">34.9</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">-8.2</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- United Church of Canada</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2,839,125</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">9.6</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">3,093,120</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">11.5</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">-8.2</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Anglican Church of Canada</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2,035,495</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">6.9</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2,188,110</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">8.1</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">-7.0</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Christian, not included elsewhere?</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">780,450</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2.6</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2.6</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.3</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+121.1</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Baptist</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">729,475</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2.5</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">663,360</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2.5</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+10.0</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Lutheran</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">606,590</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2.0</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">636,205</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2.4</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">-4.7</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Protestant, not included elsewhere?</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">549,205</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.9</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%" height="19"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Presbyterian</font></div> </td> <td width="12%" height="19"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">409,830</font></div> </td> <td width="14%" height="19"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.4</font></div> </td> <td width="14%" height="19"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">636,295</font></div> </td> <td width="19%" height="19"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2.4</font></div> </td> <td width="27%" height="19"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">-35.6</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Christian Orthodox</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">479,620</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.6</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">387,395</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.4</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+23.8</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Coptic Orthodox</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">10,285</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.03</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">5,020</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.02</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+104.9</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Romanian Orthodox</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">4,675</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.02</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">4,570</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.02</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+2.3</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>No religion</b></font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>4,796,325</b></font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>16.2</b></font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>3,333,245</b></font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>12.3</b></font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>+43.9</b></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>Other</b></font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><font size="+1"></font></font></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Muslim</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">579,640</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">2.0</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">253,265</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.9</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+128.9</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Jewish</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">329,995</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.1</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">318,185</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.2</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+3.7</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Buddhist</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">300,345</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.0</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">163,415</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.6</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+83.8</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Hindu</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">297,200</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1.0</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">157,015</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.6</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+89.3</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">- Sikh</font></div> </td> <td width="12%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">278,415</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.9</font></div> </td> <td width="14%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">147,440</font></div> </td> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">0.5</font></div> </td> <td width="27%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">+88.8</font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">1 Includes persons who report &quot;Christian&quot;, and those who report &quot;Apostolic&quot;, &quot;Born-again Christian&quot; and &quot;Evangelical&quot;.<br> 2 Includes persons who report only &quot;Protestant&quot;.<br> * For comparability purposes, 1991 data are presented according to 2001 boundaries.<br> </font></td> </tr> </table> </center> <div align="center"> <ol> </ol> </div> <ol> <p align="center"> <font color="#990099"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3">Non-Christian religions in Canada</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Non-Christian religions in Canada are overwhelmingly concentrated in metropolitan cites such as Montreal, Toronto and Vancouver, and to a much smaller extent in mid-sized cities such as Ottawa, Quebec, Calgary, Edmonton, Winnipeg and Halifax. A possible exception is Judaism, which has long been a notable minority even in smaller centres. Much of the increase in non-Christian religions is attributed to changing immigration trends in the last fifty years. Increased immigration from Asia, the Middle East and Africa has created ever-growing Muslim, Buddhist, Sikh, and Hindu communities. Canada is also home to smaller communities of the Bah?'? Faith, Unitarian Universalists, Pagans, and suscribers to Native American Spirituality.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+3"><b><font color="#990099">Islam in Canada</font></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Muslim community in Canada is almost as old as the nation itself. Four years after Canada's founding in 1867, the 1871 Canadian Census found 13 Muslims among the population. The first Canadian mosque was constructed in Edmonton in 1938, when there were approximately 700 Muslims in the country. This building is now part of the museum at Fort Edmonton Park. The years after World War II saw a small increase in the Muslim population. However, Muslims were still a distinct minority. It was only with the removal of European immigration preferences in the late 1960s that Muslims began to arrive in significant numbers.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;According to 2001 census, there were 579,640 Muslims in Canada, just under 2% of the population. In 2006, Muslim population is estimated to be 783,700 or about 2.5%.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b><font size="+3"><br> <font color="#990099">Sikhism in Canada</font></font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Sikhs have been in Canada since 1897. One of the first Sikh soldiers arrived in Canada in 1897 following Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. Sikhs were one of the few Asian immigrant communities who were loyal members of the British Empire. The irony was that greater entry restrictions were placed on perspective Sikh immigrants as compared to the Japanese and Chinese. While Canadian politicians, missionaries, unions and the press did not want Asian labour, British Columbia industrialists were short of labour and thus Sikhs were able to get an early foothold at the turn of the century in British Columbia. Of the nearly 5,000 East Indians in Canada by 1907, over 98% were Sikhs, mostly retired British army veterans. Sikh immigration to Canada was banned in 1908, and the population began to shrink.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;According to century of struggle and success the Sikh Canadian experience &quot;With the advent of World War II and the internment of Japanese Canadians, Sikhs were able to prosper. Before going to the internment camps Japanese preferred to sell their homes and properties to their Sikh neighbors who they had known for so long. As the war economy picked up speed and moved into high gear, Sikhs were given positions of greater responsibility on the factory floors across the country as well as sharpening their skills as successful businessmen. Just as the war helped to emancipate North American women, showing that they were capable of doing a man's job, Sikhs were showing that they were just as talented as their European counterparts. One of the last major roadblocks remained the right to vote. The year was 1947, fifty years since the first Sikh immigrants had arrived, yet they were still denied this fundamental right. A right that was long overdue and Sikhs rallied to the cause, holding town hall meetings and lobbying local politicians and the government in Ottawa to try change the law.&quot; <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; After the 1960s Canada's immigration laws were liberalized and racial quotas were removed, allowing far more Sikhs to immigrate to Canada. The Sikh population has rapidly increased in the decades since. Major Sikh communities exist in most of the major cities of British Columbia and Ontario. Sikhs have become an integral part of Canada's economy and culture.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b><font size="+3"><br> <font color="#990099">Canadians with no religious affiliation</font></font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Non-religious Canadians are most common on the West Coast, particularly in Greater Vancouver.[citation needed] Non-religious Canadians include atheists, agnostics, humanists as well as other nontheists. In 1991, they made up 12.3 percent which increased to 16.2 percent in 2001 of the population according to the 2001 census. Some non-religious Canadians have formed some associations, such as the Humanist Association of Canada or the Toronto Secular Alliance. In 1991, some non-religious Canadians signed a petition, tabled in Parliament by Svend Robinson, to remove &quot;God&quot; from the preamble to the Canadian Constitution, after which he was relegated to the backbenches by his party leader. Shortly afterwards, the same group petitioned to remove &quot;God&quot; from the Canadian national anthem, &quot;O Canada&quot;, but to no avail. According to www.religioustolerance.org, among the estimated 4,900,095 Canadians of no religion, an estimated 18,605 would specify atheist, 17,815 would specify agnostic, and 1,245 humanist.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+3"><b><font color="#990099">Christianity in Canada</font></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The majority of Canadian Christians attend church infrequently. Cross-national surveys of religiosity rates such as the Pew Global Attitudes Project indicate that, on average, Canadian Christians are less observant than those of the United States but are still more overtly religious than their counterparts in Britain or in western Europe. In 2002, 30% of Canadians reported to Pew researchers that religion was &quot;very important&quot; to them. This figure was similar to that in the United Kingdom (33%) and Italy (27%). In the United States, the equivalent figure was 59%, in France, a mere 11%. Regional differences within Canada exist, however, with British Columbia and Quebec reporting especially low metrics of traditional religious observance, as well as a significant urban-rural divide. The rates for weekly church attendance are contested, with estimates running as low as 11% as per the latest Ipsos-Reid poll and as high as 25% as per Christianity Today magazine. This American magazine reported that three polls conducted by Focus on the Family, Time Canada and the Vanier Institute of the Family showed church attendance increasing for the first time in a generation, with weekly attendance at 25 per cent. This number is similar to the statistics reported by premier Canadian sociologist of religion Prof. Reginald Bibby of the University of Lethbridge, who has been studying Canadian religious patterns since 1975. Although lower than in the US, which has reported weekly church attendance at about 40% since the Second World War, weekly church attendance rates are higher than those in Northern Europe (for example, Austria 9%, Germany 6%, France 8%, Netherlands 6 % and UK 10%).<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; As well as the large churches-Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican, which together count more than half of the Canadian population as nominal adherents-Canada also has many smaller Christian groups, including Orthodox Christianity. The Egyptian population in Ontario and Quebec (Greater Toronto in particular) has seen a large influx of the Coptic Orthodox population in just a few decades. The relatively large Ukrainian population of Manitoba and Saskatchewan has produced many followers of the Ukrainian Catholic and Ukrainian Orthodox Churches, while southern Manitoba has been settled largely by Mennonites. The concentration of these smaller groups often varies greatly across the country. Baptists are especially numerous in the Maritimes. The Maritimes and prairie provinces have significant numbers of Lutherans. Southwest Ontario has seen large numbers of German and Russian immigrants, including many Mennonites and Hutterites, as well as a significant contingent of Dutch Reformed. Alberta has seen considerable immigration from the American plains, creating a significant Mormon minority in that province. And according to the Jehovah witness year report there are 111 963 active members(members who actively preach)in Canada.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <b><font size="+3" color="#990099">Age and religion</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;According to the 2001 census, the major religions in Canada have the following median age. Canada has a median age of 37.3.</font></p> </ol> <p><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> Presbyterian - 46.0;</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> United Church - 44.1; <br> Anglican - 43.8; <br> Lutheran - 43.3;<br> Jewish - 41.5; <br> Greek Orthodox - 40.7; <br> Baptist - 39.3; <br> Buddhist - 38.0; <br> Roman Catholic - 37.8; <br> Pentecostal - 33.5; <br> Hindu - 31.9; <br> No religion - 31.1; <br> Sikh - 29.7; <br> Muslim - 28.1. </font></p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <ol> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <b><font size="+3" color="#990099">Government and religion</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada today has no official church, and the government is officially committed to religious pluralism. In some fields Christian influence remains.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Christmas and Easter are nationwide holidays, and while Jews, Muslims, and other groups are allowed to take their holy days off work they do not share the same official recognition. The French version of &quot;O Canada&quot;, the official national anthem, contains a Christian reference to &quot;carrying the cross&quot;. In some parts of the country Sunday shopping is still banned, but this is steadily becoming less common. There was an ongoing battle in the late 20th century to have religious garb accepted throughout Canadian society, mostly focused on Sikh turbans. Eventually the Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Royal Canadian Legion, and other groups accepted members wearing turbans.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is a Commonwealth realm in which the head of state is shared with 15 other countries, including the United Kingdom. The UK's succession laws forbid Roman Catholics and their spouses from occupying the throne, and the reigning monarch is also ex officio Supreme Governor of the Church of England, but Canada is not bound by these laws. Within Canada, the Queen's title include the phrases &quot;By the Grace of God&quot; and &quot;Defender of the Faith.&quot;<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; While the Canadian government's official ties to Christianity are few, it more overtly recognizes the existence of God. Both the preamble to the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the national anthem in both languages refer to God.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Some religious schools are government-funded. See Section Twenty-nine of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#990099"><br> <b><font size="+3">History</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Before the arrival of Europeans, the First Nations followed a wide array of mostly animistic religions. See also Native American mythology. The first Europeans to settle in great numbers in Canada were French Catholics, including a large number of Jesuits dedicated to converting the natives; an effort that had only limited success.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The first large Protestant communities were formed in the Maritimes after they were conquered by the British. Unable to convince enough British immigrants to go to the region, the government decided to import continental Protestants from Germany and Switzerland to populate the region and counter balance the Catholic Acadians. This group was known as the Foreign Protestants. This effort proved successful and today the South Shore region of Nova Scotia is still largely Lutheran.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; This pattern remained the same after the British conquest of all of New France in 1759. While originally plans to try to convert the Catholic majority were in place, these were abandoned in the face of the American Revolution. The Quebec Act of 1774 acknowledged the rights of the Catholic Church throughout Lower Canada in order to keep the French-Canadians loyal to Britain.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The American Revolution brought about a large influx of Protestants to Canada. United Empire Loyalists, fleeing the rebellious United States, moved in large numbers to Upper Canada and the Maritimes. They comprised a mix of Christian groups with a large number of Anglicans, but also many Presbyterians and Methodists.<br> In the early nineteenth century in the Maritimes and Upper Canada, the Anglican Church held the same official position it did in Great Britain. This caused tension within English Canada, as much of the populace was not Anglican. Increasing immigration from Scotland created a very large Presbyterian community and they and other groups demanded equal rights. This was an important cause of the 1837 Rebellion in Upper Canada. With the arrival of responsible government, the Anglican monopoly was ended.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In Lower Canada, the Catholic Church was officially pre-eminent and had a central role in the colony's culture and politics. Unlike English Canada, French-Canadian nationalism became very closely associated with Catholicism. During this period, the Catholic Church in the region became one of the most reactionary in the world. Known as Ultramontane Catholicism, the church adopted positions condemning all manifestations of liberalism, to the extent that even the very conservative popes of the period had to chide it for extremism.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In politics, those aligned with the Catholic clergy in Quebec were known as les bleus (the blues). They formed a curious alliance with the staunchly monarchist and pro-British Anglicans of English Canada (often members of the Orange Order) to form the basis of the Canadian Conservative Party. The Reform Party, which later became the Liberal Party, was largely composed of the anti-clerical French-Canadians, known as les rouges (the reds) and the non-Anglican Protestant groups. In those times, right before elections, parish priests would give sermons to their flock where they said things like Le ciel est bleu et l'enfer est rouge. This translates as &quot;Heaven/the sky is blue and hell is red&quot;.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; By the late nineteenth century, Protestant pluralism had taken hold in English Canada. While much of the elite were still Anglican, other groups had become very prominent as well. Toronto had become home to the world's single largest Methodist community and it became known as the &quot;Methodist Rome&quot;. The schools and universities created at this time reflected this pluralism with major centres of learning being established for each faith. One, King's College, later the University of Toronto, was set up a non-denominational school.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The late nineteenth century also saw the beginning of a large shift in Canadian immigration patterns. Large numbers of Irish and Southern European immigrants were creating new Catholic communities in English Canada. The population of the west brought significant Eastern Orthodox immigrants from Eastern Europe and Mormon and Pentecostal immigrants from the United States.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Domination of Canadian society by Protestant and Catholic elements continued until well into the 20th century, however. Up until the 1960s, most parts of Canada still had extensive Lord's Day laws that limited what one could do on a Sunday. The English-Canadian elite were still dominated by Protestants, and Jews and Catholics were often excluded. A slow process of liberalization began after the Second World War in English-Canada. Overtly Christian laws were expunged, including those against homosexuality. Policies favouring Christian immigration were also abolished.<br> The most overwhelming change occurred in Quebec. In 1950, the province was one of the most dedicatedly Catholic areas in the world. Church attendance rates were extremely high, books banned by the Papal Index were difficult to find, and the school system was largely controlled by the church. In the Quiet Revolution of the 1960s, this was spectacularly transformed. While the majority of Qu?b?cois are still professed Catholics, rates of church attendance are today extremely low, in fact, they are the lowest of any region in North America today. Common law relationships, abortion, and support for same-sex marriage are more common in Quebec than in the rest of Canada.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;English Canada had seen a similar transition, although less extreme. The United Church of Canada, the country's largest Protestant denomination, is one of the most liberal major Protestant churches in the world. It is committed to gay rights including marriage and ordination, and to the ordination of women. The head of the church even once commented that the resurrection of Jesus might not be a scientific fact. However, that trend appears to have subsided, as the United Church has seen its membership decline substantially since the 1990s, and other mainline churches have seen similar declines, while overall church attendance has increased in the 2000s.The influence of the Orange Order continued, especially in Toronto, but has largely diminished since the 1960s.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In addition, a strong current of evangelical Protestantism exists outside of Quebec. The largest groups are found in the Atlantic Provinces and Western Canada, particularly in Alberta, southern Manitoba and the southern interior and Fraser Valley region of British Columbia. There is also a significant evangelical population in southern Ontario. In these areas, particularly outside the Greater Toronto Area, the culture is more conservative, somewhat more in line with that of the midwestern and southern United States, and same-sex marriage, abortion, and common-law relationships are less popular. This movement has grown considerably in the past few years (primarily in those areas listed above) due to strong influences on public policy and stark divides, not unlike those in the United States, although the overall proportion of evangelicals in Canada remains considerably lower and the polarization much less intense. There are very few evangelicals in Quebec and in the largest urban areas, which are generally secular, although there are several congregations above 1000 in most large cities.</font><br> </p> </ol> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <h2 align="center"><a name="pr6"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+4"><b><font color="#009900">Main cities</font></b></font></h2> <p align="center"><font size="+2"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3" color="#990099">Canadian provinces</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Manitoba, Saskatchewan and Alberta are called the Prairie Provinces. This region of Canada is known for its fertile agricultural land and valuable energy resources. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Land for growing some of the best grain in the world is located in the southern part of these three provinces. As one moves north, the land changes into semi-arid grassland, and finally, to treeless tundra. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Prairies are flat plains that stretch across the southern part of the region. This area has few trees and very fertile soil. Most of what was open grasslands is now used for farming, particularly grain crops, and for raising cattle. The Prairie region, however, is not all flat farmland. The northern and western parts of the region include gently rolling hills, valleys and rivers. In southern Alberta, the open prairies gradually rise to meet the Rocky Mountains along the border of British Columbia. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The First Nations people, the earliest inhabitants of the Prairies, were skilled buffalo hunters. Their descendants and the Metis people became important suppliers, traders, guides and interpreters for the fur trade. French-speaking people the Prairie Provinces since the early have lived in days of the fur trade. Descendants of these early settlers still live in the Prairie region.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Prairies are rich in energy resources. About one-half of all the energy used in Canada comes from oil and natural gas. Alberta is the country's major producer of these fuels. Alberta also has an important coal mining industry. Saskatchewan is a large producer of oil, natural gas, uranium and potash. Manitoba, known as the Land of 100,000 Lakes, is the most important source of hydroelectric power in the Prairie region. The majority of people in the Prairie Provinces work in service industries. This includes business and financial services, transportation, tourism, the retail industry, and health and education. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Prairies have some of the most fertile farmland in the world. Prairie farmers and ranchers produce grains (such as wheat, barley or oats), meat and other food products for markets in Canada and other countries.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Manitoba</font></b></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Manitoba.jpg" width="456" height="342"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.01)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This province of about a million people is ethnically diverse, and plays host to a number of ethnic festivals that have become great tourist attractions. The largest of these is Folklorama, which takes place each August in Winnipeg. Visitors have the opportunity to sample food, drink, and entertainment from a large number of ethnic groups. Winnipeg, home to about three-quarters of a million people, is home to ballet, symphony, opera, and theater companies. Those who want to see a piece of Canada's natural heritage should visit the Living Prairie Museum on Ness Avenue. The wonderful beaches of <font color="#0000CC">Lake Winnipeg</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.01)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, one of the <font color="#0000CC">world's largest lakes</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.02 and </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">picture C.4.03</font></font></font></font><font color="#000000">)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, are also nearby. In Manitoba, the agricultural industry benefits from heavy rainfall and farmers produce a wide variety of grain crops and livestock. Manitoba's manufacturing industries produce a variety of goods, including food, transportation equipment, metal products, electrical goods and clothing.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Whiteshell_Provincial _Park.jpg" width="515" height="346"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.02)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Old_Pinawa_Dam.jpg" width="516" height="385"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.03)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center">&nbsp; </p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Saskatchewan</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Saskatchewan is the &quot;wheat province,&quot; responsible for more than half of Canada's wheat production. While the province is <font color="#0000CC">mostly flat prairie</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.04)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, the Cypress Hills in the southern part of the province provide a stark contrast, with sandstone buttes, dark caves, and impressive cliffs. The area served as a haven for cattle rustlers and outlaws in centuries past. Northern Saskatchewan is a country of forests and lakes, 80 million acres of wilderness. The area is a haven for those who love to hunt, fish, canoe, or hike. In the winter, the province provides plenty of opportunities for the downhill or cross-country skiing enthusiast. Saskatchewan, the leading wheat producer in Canada, is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the world. The manufacturing, mining and forestry sectors play an important role in Saskatchewan's economy.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Great_Sandhills.jpg" width="387" height="290"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.04)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center">&nbsp; </p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Alberta</font></b></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Athabasca_Falls.jpg" width="318" height="239"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.05)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Alberta</font> is also a land of prairie </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.05)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, although the magnificent Canadian Rockies serve as the province's border on the west. The crown jewel of North American paleontology may be the Tyrell Museum of Paleontology in Drumheller. Visitors can see a wide variety of fossils and dinosaur bones. A short walk outside the museum building allows viewers to see dinosaur bones as paleontologists first found them. Alberta leads the country in beef cattle and feed grain production. Food and beverage processing is the largest manufacturing industry in Alberta.</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Jasper National Park</font></b> </p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This 4,200-square mile park north of <font color="#0000CC">Banff</font> offers its own charms </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.06)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. Visitors who want mountain views but who do not want to hike to the top of a peak may enjoy the gondola ride from the town of Jasper up Whistler's Mountain. The 1920s-era Jasper Park Lodge is a favorite destination for tourists.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Bow_River.jpg" width="542" height="407"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.06)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Calgary</font></b></p> <p align="left"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Calgary, Alberta, is home to the <font color="#0000CC">Calgary Stampede </font></font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.07)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, &quot;the Greatest Outdoor Show on Earth,&quot; which takes place during the first two weeks of July. This world-famous rodeo draws visitors from all across the globe. Calgary, the transportation center for the ranching industry in western Canada, was the site of the 1988 Winter Olympics. A unique opportunity awaits anyone thinking about making that transatlantic leap to a career in Canada. From the hometown of singer Feast and footballer Owen Hargreaves, The City of Calgary is bringing a team of representatives to the Opportunities Canada job fairs in Leeds on June 21 and 22 (booth 39), and in London on June 28 and 29 (booth 24). Calgary Mayor Dave Bronconnier will officially open the London event.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Calgary.jpg" width="217" height="272"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.07)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The western Canadian City is building on its success recruiting members for the <font color="#0000CC">Calgary Police Service</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.08)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">last spring. Specifically, The City is looking for bus drivers, town planners and heavy vehicle mechanics. It's no surprise the transplanted English Bobbies enjoy working for The City of Calgary. The municipal government has a reputation as an innovative, award-winning employer. The City offers a competitive salary and benefits package. It has made significant investments to support employees' career training and development. At The City, employees make a real impact on people's lives and build their careers in over 30 distinct business units.</font> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/business_units.jpg" width="499" height="332"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.08)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;One of the fastest growing cities in North America, Calgary is an exciting place to be - and <font color="#0000CC">The City</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.09)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">is a dynamic corporation with lots of career options and opportunities. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Town planners have the chance to recreate an exciting downtown core and to be in on &quot;the ground floor&quot; to help shape a growing community. With an economy in high gear that shows no sign of slowing down, the opportunities keep coming. Heavy vehicle mechanics like working for The City because they get to work with the latest technology on the shop floor, and The City maintains a high safety standard. The environment is innovative, and The City offers lots of opportunity to advance with robust training and education programs. Calgary's bus drivers, meanwhile, enjoy the flexibility of different shifts and the opportunity to train on and drive every type of vehicle from a 60-foot articulated Bendy (bus) to a three-car. </font><br> <br> <p align="center"> <img src="images/cities/Calgary2.jpg" width="436" height="353"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.09)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Edmonton</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Edmonton, the capital of Alberta, is the oil center for western Canada. It is the home of the <font color="#0000CC">West Edmonton Mall</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.10)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, an indoor shopping dream with nearly 1,000 stores, a professional-size ice skating rink, and an indoor water park.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Edmonton_city_hall%20.jpg" width="269" height="268"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.10)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">The Atlantic Provinces</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Atlantic Canada's economy has traditionally relied on a strong resource sector, including fishing, farming, forestry and mining. The economy has grown and diversified in recent years. This has led to the development of other sectors, including information technology, professional services, advanced manufacturing, aquaculture, and oil and gas exploration. Trade has also increased. Potatoes and fruit from Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick are sold across Canada and to other countries. The food processing industry is another important sector of the economy. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia have extensive forests that allow them to produce valuable products like pulp, paper and lumber. Forest products are the most valuable manufacturing industry in New Brunswick. Many of these products are exported to other countries.</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+3"><b><font color="#990099">New Brunswick</font></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The vast sea of trees that is the Canadian forest meets the Atlantic Ocean in New Brunswick. The province's original European settlers were French, and New Brunswick still retains its French flavor. The largest city in the province, Saint John, is the oldest incorporated town in Canada. The Bay of Fundy, just north of Maine, has the world's highest tides. <font color="#0000CC">New Brunswick</font> has 1,400 miles of coastline, making it a haven for those who love to fish </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.11)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Le_Pays_de_la_Sagouine.jpg" width="429" height="323"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.11)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Any traveler to New Brunswick should have no trouble finding wonderful things to eat. Lobster is especially popular, followed closely by oysters, clams, scallops, and mussels. A special treat is dulse, salty seaweed eaten as a snack. Adventurous visitors who come to New Brunswick in the spring should take to opportunity to sample the fiddlehead fern, which is boiled and served with lemon butter, pepper, and salt. </font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Nova Scotia</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The name of this province means &quot;New Scotland,&quot; and the area retains a Scottish favor. However, the province also has French influence, and there is still a relatively large native population. No matter its heritage, it is a province centered around the sea; no part of Nova Scotia is more than 35 miles from the ocean.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Halifax, Nova Scotia's capital and the largest city in the Atlantic Provinces, has one of the finest harbors in the world. The city is a mixture of old and new. Many of the buildings in the Historic Properties in the center of the city date to the nineteenth century, but just a block away is Scotia Square, a modern high-rise apartment/hotel/office/shopping complex. Visitors who want a different view of the city may choose to take a harbor cruise on the Bluenose II, a schooner docked at Privateer's Wharf.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Prince Edward Island</font></b></font> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.12)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Covehead_Bay.jpg" width="494" height="370"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.12)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Prince Edward Island is <font color="#0000CC">Canada's smallest province</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.13)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, 140 miles long, and only 40 miles from shore to shore at its widest point. It is a wildly beautiful place, with breathtaking red sandstone cliffs on its southern coast and emerald green forests and fields in the interior. The island has a 1,100-mile coastline, of which nearly 500 miles are spectacular sandy beaches, surrounded by water that is, at least in the summer, surprisingly warm.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Fishing_Huts_and_Lobster.jpg" width="501" height="377"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.13)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The island entertains nearly three-quarters of a million visitors annually. While there is a wide range of accommodations, many tourists take advantage of vacation farms, working agricultural enterprises that allow visitors to share the chores and get a taste of Prince Edward Island farm life. Readers may remember that Prince Edward Island is the setting for Lucy Maud Montgomery's novel, Anne of Green Gables. The Green Gables House, open to the public, is situated in Prince Edward Island National Park.</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Newfoundland</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Newfoundland, the largest of the Atlantic Provinces, also has the longest history of European occupation. Visitors can see the ruins of an eleventh-century Viking outpost at L'Anse aux Meadows on the northern coast of the island of Newfoundland. Hunting and fishing vacations are extremely popular in <font color="#0000CC">Newfoundland</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.14)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. Visitors will also enjoy walking the hilly streets of St. John's, the picturesque provincial capital and its largest town.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Green_Point.jpg" width="370" height="276"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.14)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Newfoundland and Labrador, traditionally dependent on the fishing industry, is developing other natural resources such as oil, nickel, copper and cobalt. Hibernia, off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador, is the fifth largest oil field in Canada. <font color="#0000CC">Manufacturing</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.15)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">and other industries continue to grow. The service industry is also very important to the Atlantic economy. As in the rest of Canada, more people work in banking, government, and financial and personal services than in traditional resource industries. </font><br> <br> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Cape_Spare_Lighthouse.jpg" width="440" height="331"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.15)</font></font></font></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Gulf of the St. Lawrence River and the <font color="#0000CC">Atlantic Ocean</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.16) </font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">are important tourist attractions in the region. Thousands of tourists visit the Atlantic provinces each year for the spectacular scenery, natural coastlines, warm beaches and world-class golf courses. About 85,000 Atlantic Canadians work in the tourism industry.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/The_Gulf.jpg" width="436" height="327"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.16)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">The West Coast</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This is an area of long winters, cold blizzards, and undeniable beauty. Very few people live in the northern part of Canada. Those who visit this part of the world are in awe of its natural beauty and its unforgiving climates.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; British Columbia, on the Pacific Ocean, is known for its majestic mountains. There are three major mountain ranges in the province: the Rocky Mountains, the Columbia Mountains and the Coast Mountains.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">British Columbia</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This province has the wettest climate in Canada, but it also contains areas that are the driest in the country. It contains the warmest area in Canada, as well as the coldest areas. While most of the province is covered with dense forest, <font color="#0000CC">British Columbia</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.17)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">also has an area that exhibits desert-like conditions.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Upper_Arrow_Lake.jpg" width="396" height="256"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.17)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;British Columbia's earliest European explorers came from Great Britain, though Spain briefly claimed the area in the 18th century. The American government also tried to claim the <font color="#0000CC">Canadian West Coast </font></font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.18)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">in the middle of the 19th century. First Nations people lived in British Columbia for thousands of years before European settlers arrived. Their cultures and languages were influenced by the wide range of geography in British Columbia, from seashore to mountains. They developed a unique form of art, best known as totem poles. Their art is popular around the world. It often represents animals, including salmon, bears, whales, ravens and eagles.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Illecillewaet_Glacier.jpg" width="469" height="323"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.18)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;British Columbia was settled by Europeans when the fur trade spread to the west in the early 1800s. In the late 1800s, thousands of Chinese came to British Columbia to help build the final section of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Many of their descendants still live in the province. Many people come to live in British Columbia from Asia. Today, about one-third of the population of the Lower British Columbia Mainland is of Chinese origin. The total population of British Columbia is about four million people. British Columbia's rich natural resources have always been important to the economy. The province has the most valuable forestry industry in Canada. About one-half of all the goods produced in British Columbia are forestry products, including lumber, newsprint, and pulp and paper products. Mining is also an important industry. Tourism is the second largest industry in British Columbia.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Snowy_Peaks.jpg" width="457" height="271"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.19)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The natural beauty of the <font color="#0000CC">West Coast</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.19)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> and the <font color="#0000CC">Rocky Mountains</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.20)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">bring thousands of tourists to the <font color="#0000CC">province</font> to fish </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.21)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, hike, camp and ski in the mountains.</font> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Lake_Oesa.jpg" width="493" height="331"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.20)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Lake_Louise.jpg" width="433" height="296"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.21)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Steady rainfall and steep mountain slopes in the province create ideal conditions for generating electricity. British Columbia is Canada's second largest producer of hydroelectric power. Fishing is also a valuable industry on the West Coast, but it is going through a major restructuring because of a downturn in the salmon fishery. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">Okanagan Valley</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.22)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, which is located between the mountain ranges in the central area of the province, is famous for its fruit orchards and its wine industry.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Fields_of_Vetch.jpg" width="509" height="352"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.22)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">The Canadian Rockies</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">Rocky Mountains</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.23)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, on the border between Alberta and British Columbia, form Canada's geographic backbone.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Mount_Robson_and_Berg_Lake.jpg" width="504" height="325"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.23)</font></font></font></font><br> </p> <p align="center">&nbsp; </p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">The North</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's northern region is divided into the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Together, they cover more than one-third of Canada. The Canadian government is responsible for the territories but elected legislatures make decisions on most issues. The people in the Northwest Territories voted to make the eastern region into a new, separate territory called Nunavut. It came into existence on April 1, 1999.</font> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Aboriginal people have lived in the North for thousands of years and have developed a special relationship with the land. They use their skills as hunters, fishers and trappers to survive in the harsh northern climate. The Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut make up more than one-third of Canada's land mass, but only about 100,000 people live there. Aboriginal people make up about half the population in the North. The territorial governments have also given legal recognition to several Aboriginal languages. Land claim settlements and self-government agreements have played a major role in the development of the North in recent years. Through these agreements, First Nations people have gained greater control over their land and decisions that affect them.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Europeans first came to the North in the late 1600s because of the fur trade. The Hudson's Bay Company controlled the northern lands and fur trade for 300 years. Some northern people, including many Aboriginal peoples, still earn money and obtain food through hunting, fishing and trapping.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Mining, oil and gas are very important to the northern economy. Thousands of miners first came to the Yukon during the Gold Rush at the end of the 1800s. There are gold, lead, diamond and zinc mines in the territories today. Oil and gas deposits are being developed and people continue to explore for more of these valuable resources. Inuit prints and soapstone carvings are sold throughout Canada and around the world. In the Yukon, the Northwest Territories and Nunavut, many Aboriginal people work in cooperative businesses to produce Aboriginal arts and crafts. Tourism is also a growing industry. Economic development in the North is welcome, but it must be carefully managed so it does not threaten the fragile Arctic ecosystem and the traditional lifestyles of the northern people. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The North is sometimes called the&quot; Land of the Midnight Sun.&quot; At the height of summer, daylight can last up to 24 hours. In winter, the sun disappears, and darkness sets in for three months. Winters in the North are long and cold. During the brief summers, the land blossoms.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">The Yukon</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">Yukon Territories</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.24)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">became well known in the last years of the 19th century when gold was discovered in the Klondike country.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Glacier_Lake.jpg" width="469" height="407"> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.24)</font></font></font></font> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;While mining is still important to the Yukon and people still come to hunt for <font color="#0000CC">gold</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.25)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, more come for wilderness tourism, hunting, and fishing. Most visitors come by air, or by boat through the extraordinary Inside Passage. The Yukon is also accessible by car, though drivers are advised to always carry emergency supplies with them. During the winter, temperatures as low as -70 degrees have been recorded in the Yukon.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Dragon_Lake.jpg" width="550" height="413"> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.25)</font></font></font></font> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Yukon holds the record for the coldest temperature ever recorded in Canada (-63°C). Most of the North is made up of tundra, the vast rocky Arctic plain. Because of the cold Arctic climate, there are no trees on the tundra, and the soil is permanently frozen.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Dawson City</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Although Dawson City is a city in name, it is actually a town. It was originally granted city status in 1902, but lost that title in the1980's, with special provision to allow it to use the word city. Dawson is located about 536 kilometres northwest of Whitehorse, at the end of the Klondike Highway. Like <font color="#0000CC">Whitehorse</font> the city </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.26)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">was originally established to cater for the people coming to the area during the Klondike Gold Rush in the 1890's. By 1898 the city was the largest city in Canada west of Winnipeg with over 40,000 residents. Once the gold rush was over the population dropped resulting in only 5,000 people remaining there in 1902. Dawson City was Yukon's first capital, relinquishing the title to Whitehorse in 1953. Today, Dawson has a population of just under 2,000, but visitors boost that number by around 60,000 every year. In fact tourism is one of the most important economies for the town for both revenue and employment. Accommodation and food services account for around 18% of the employment in the town. recreation and arts is also another major employment sector which is growing with around 11% of the town's employment. <font color="#0000CC">Many still</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.27)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">visit in the hope of finding gold and others for the spectacular scenery. The Northern Lights are also a big draw for visitors in Dawson and other Yukon locations.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Dawson_City.jpg" width="481" height="324"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.26)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Dawson_City2.jpg" width="591" height="359"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.27)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><br> <b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Northwest Territories</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Northwest Territories are an outdoor enthusiast's dream. Visitors can travel the Mackenzie River, one of North America's greatest rivers, by canoe, kayak, speedboat or raft. The Yellowknife river and the South Nahanni River also offer unforgettable canoeing experiences. Those who want to see the territories from a different perspective might consider using a charter aircraft to visit the secluded <font color="#0000CC">lakes</font></font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000"> (see picture C.4.28)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> and lonely villages.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Alexandra_Falls.jpg" width="426" height="297"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.28)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Nunavut</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Nunavut, Canada's newest territory -- the name means &quot;our land&quot; in the Inuktitut language -- was established in 1999 in what was formerly the eastern portion of the Northwest Territories. The population of the territory is relatively small, only about 30,000 people, but the land presents many opportunities for visitors to hunt, fish, and enjoy the wilderness experience. While the territory has plenty of hotel rooms, most of these are more functional than luxurious. Many visitors take the opportunity to stay in the homes of local Inuit families. Travelers should remember that prices are relatively high in Nunavut, partly because there are no roads connecting the territory to the rest of the country, and all goods must be brought in by plane or by ship.</font> </p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Vancouver</font><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><br> </font><font size="+3"> </font> </b> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Vancouver.jpg" width="436" height="286"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.29)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Canada's third-largest city</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.29)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, a three-hour drive north of Seattle, is a cosmopolitan and sophisticated place. Those who live here boast that they can ski and sail on the same day. Vancouver also has nine miles of public beaches, more than 20 golf courses, nearly 200 tennis courts, and nearly 250 baseball and soccer fields. Visitors may want to get a sense of the city by taking an elevator up to the Observation Deck at the top of the 40-story <font color="#0000CC">Harbor Center</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.30)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">.</font> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/The_Port_of_Vancouver.jpg" width="400" height="270"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.30)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Gastown.jpg" width="325" height="487"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.31)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;From there, one can easily see <font color="#0000CC">Gastown</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.31)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, the original heart of the city that has been restored as a tourist area, and Chinatown, Vancouver's thriving active Chinese community. Within easy walking distance of downtown is Stanley Park, a 1,000-acre rain forest that is the largest urban park in North America. The park has miles of walkways, sports fields, and is home to the Stanley Park Zoo. Those who want to get a taste of native Canadian culture can visit the <font color="#0000CC">Museum of Anthropology</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.32)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">on the campus of the University of British Columbia. The facility's collection includes many totem poles.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Anthropology.jpg" width="219" height="278"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.32)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Vancouver Island and the City of Victoria</font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Vancouver Island, 280 miles long, is North America's largest Pacific island. The island's trout-filled lakes and forests of fir and cedar make it a delightful getaway for those who want to hike, hunt, fish, or camp. At the southern end of the island is the provincial capital of <font color="#0000CC">Victoria</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.33)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, is said to be the most British city in Canada. Visitors can easily explore the small city's cobblestone streets and brick sidewalks on foot. Some of the highlights of a tour might include a visit to the Pacific Undersea Gardens, a natural aquarium that features the world's only undersea theater, and Thunderbird Park, with its native longhouse and extraordinary collection of totem poles. The Royal London Wax Museum contains nearly 200 life-sized figures. In Victoria's suburb of Esquimalt is a recreation of a Shakespearean-era village, including a thatch-roofed Anne Hathaway cottage.</font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="center"> <img src="images/cities/The_City_of_Victoria.jpg" width="534" height="400"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.33)</font></font></font></font> </p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Banff National Park</font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Banff, which became Canada's first national park in the 1880s, has been designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The town of Banff, circled by the mountains called Sulphur, Rundle, Norquay, Tunnel, and Cascade, affords visitors a year-round experience. In the winter, there is skiing and ice skating. In the summer, the area is a haven for hikers and campers. At any time of the year, visitors can enjoy the town's hot springs. Canada's most photogenic spot is <font color="#0000CC">Lake Louise</font></font><font size="2" color="#0000CC"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> </font></font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.34)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, named after the daughter of Queen Victoria. <font color="#0000CC">Overlooking the lake</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.36)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> is <font color="#0000CC">Chateau Lake Louise</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.35)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, a super deluxe resort with more than 500 rooms for visitors.</font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Lake_Louise.jpg" width="433" height="296"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.34)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Bow_Lake.jpg" width="565" height="384"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.35)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Bow_Lake_and_flowers.jpg" width="565" height="424"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.36)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Waterston Lakes National Park</font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This park, located on the Montana border adjacent to the U.S. Glacier National Park, became the first international peace park in 1932. <font color="#0000CC">Waterston Lakes</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.37)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">is smaller than its neighbors to the north, and sees fewer visitors. It is the perfect destination for a visitor who wants to see the Canadian Rockies in all their grandeur without having to share the vista with large crowds.</font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Waterston_Lakes_National_Park.jpg" width="515" height="387"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.37)</font></font></font></font> </p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Central Canada</font></b> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Central Canada is made up of Ontario and Quebec. More than half the people in Canada live in cities and towns in southern Quebec and Ontario, close to the <font color="#0000CC">Great Lakes</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.38)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">and the St. Lawrence River. This area is the industrial and manufacturing heartland of Canada. Together, Ontario and Quebec produce more than three-quarters of all Canadian manufactured goods.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The adventurous may try a drive on the Alaskan Highway, a 1,500-mile road that starts at Dawson Creek on the Alberta border north of Jasper National Park and ends at Fairbanks, Alaska. The highway, built in less than a year during World War II by Canada and the United States Army, is one of the world's most exciting driving adventures. At its highest point, the road reaches more than 4,000 feet above sea level.</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Ontario</font></b><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Credit_River%20.jpg" width="504" height="338"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.38)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Ontario is the Canadian province with the largest population. Over11 million people, or roughly one third of Canada's population, live in Ontario. Most people in Ontario speak English, but the province also has the largest French-speaking population outside of Quebec. The Algonquin and Iroquois First Nations were the earliest people to live in the area now known as Ontario. By the late 1700s, the population began to grow rapidly. The arrival of thousands of United Empire Loyalists was followed by waves of other newcomers from the United States and Britain. Newcomers from all over the world continue to settle in Ontario.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The name &quot;Ontario&quot; is derived from the Iroquois word for &quot;shining waters.&quot; The province is immense, nearly half a million square miles, from the bustling Great Lakes to the sparsely-populated wilderness of Hudson Bay. It is a province of big cities and family farms, factories and native crafts, miners, loggers, and computer programmers.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Throughout Canada's history, the large population, rich resources and strategic location of Ontario have helped the province build Canada's biggest provincial economy. Most people in Ontario work in the service or manufacturing industries. More than 140,000 people work in the province's automobile industry, which accounts for more than one third of Canada's total exports. Other manufactured goods include steel, machinery, metal, plastic and chemical products, and food. Ontario mines are the biggest producers of metal in Canada. These metals include nickel, gold, silver, platinum, uranium, zinc and copper. Ontario's forestry industry produces pulp, lumber, newsprint and other paper products. The province's numerous rivers are a vital source of electric power. In Ontario, <font color="#0000CC">Niagara Falls</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.39 and </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">picture C.4.40</font></font></font></font><font color="#000000">)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> is a well-known example of waterpower that generates electricity.</font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/More_than%20.jpg" width="481" height="327"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.39)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Niagara_Falls.jpg" width="541" height="372"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.40)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;More than 400,000 Ontario workers depend on tourism, the province's third largest industry. Southern Ontario has rich farmland. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The Niagara Peninsula is a major producer of peaches, apples, grapes and other fruit crops. Ontario farmers also raise dairy and beef cattle, poultry, and vegetable and grain crops.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's capital city, Ottawa is located in eastern Ontario, at the junction of three rivers: the mighty Ottawa, the Gatineau and the Rideau. It is home to the oldest continuously operated canal system in North America, and in2007, the Rideau Canal was registered as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Connecting Lake Ontario with the Ottawa River, the Rideau Canal ends in Ottawa with a set of locks right beside the Parliament Buildings. We will have an introduction to this stately city before an overnight in town at the distinguished Fairmont Chateau Laurier hotel and our early charter flight in the morning.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Toronto</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This city of 3.5 million is the heart of English Canada. A good place to start exploring the city is Yonge Street, <font color="#0000CC">&quot;the longest street in the world&quot;</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.41).</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Toronto.jpg" width="186" height="264"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.41)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;This artery starts on the shore of Lake Ontario and stretches 1,000 miles north, under various names, into the Canadian wilderness. In Toronto, Yonge is a shopper's delight, offering a range of items from the funky to the fabulous. A few block from Yonge is the 1,815-foot tall CN Tower, the tallest freestanding structure in the world. From the revolving restaurant and observation tower, visitors can see more than 50 miles. Near Queen's Park and the University of Toronto, one finds the <font color="#0000CC">Sigmund Samuel Canadiana Gallery</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.42)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, devoted to art and antiques, the McLaughlin Planetarium, and the city's most fascinating tourist attraction, the Royal Canadian Museum. This facility contains nearly five million human artifacts, fossils, and gems, and has a huge collection of material from China, including a Ming Dynasty Tomb. </font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Aerial.jpg" width="368" height="277"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.42)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Quebec</font></b></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Quebec.jpg" width="436" height="327"> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.43)</font></font></font></font> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Quebec is the second most populous province in Canada with7,546,131 people calling it home.</font> <p align="center"><br> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/largest_province.jpg" width="513" height="385"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.44)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;It is also the largest province in the country with a land area of1,356,366 square kilometres. </font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Nunavut.jpg" width="517" height="359"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.45)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Only one other territory is larger: <font color="#0000CC">Nunavut</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.43 and picture C.4.44)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. Quebec is located to the east of Ontario and is bordered to its east by New Brunswick and <font color="#0000CC">Labrador</font></font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000"> (see picture C.4.45)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. Nearly all of Quebec lies within the Canadian Shield dating back to the ice ages, this means it is rich in mineral deposits which contributes heavily to the economy. French is the official language in Quebec with over 80% of the speaking it as a first language and over population 40% speaking both French and English. So if you are not a French speaker then Quebec is probably not the place for you. It is the only Canadian province with French as the official language. In 2006 a total of 44,677 people moved to Quebec from other countries, most of them to Montreal, the largest city in the province. The majority of people originate from Africa, the Middle East and Europe.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Middle_East.jpg" width="435" height="324"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.46)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The main economies in Quebec are science and <font color="#0000CC">technology </font></font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.46)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, tourism, transportation and natural resources. For many year natural resources dominated Quebec's economy, but in recent years the service sectors have taken over and now account for over 70% of the Gross Domestic Product. Many jobs in the province are within the communication and information sectors with over 5,000 companies employing over 100,000 people. Quebec ranks fourth in North America in terms of the number of biotechnology companies and has six of the seven research centres of multinational pharmaceutical companies in Canada. Aerospace is also a big player in Quebec with the Canadian Space Agency headquartered here. Quebec ranks sixth in the world in terms of output in this aerospace industry in the province. One person in 200 works in the Tourism is also important to Quebec which sees on average 30 million visitors each year. These visitors generate revenue in excess of $10 billion. The province has over 90 ski resorts making it a prime winter destination. The province is also home to the Canadian Grand Prix, and the Rogers Cup. Over 330,000 people work within Quebec's tourism industry.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The first people to live in Quebec were the First Nations people and the Inuit. The Aboriginal peoples who lived near the St. Lawrence River were fur traders who taught the early settlers how to survive. There are still many Aboriginal communities throughout Quebec today. Settlers from France first established communities along the St. Lawrence River in the early 1600s. Today, Quebec society reflects this heritage. More than three-quarters of the Canadians who live in Quebec speak French as their first language. Over one-third of the population in Quebec speaks both French and English, making it the province with the highest number of bilingual Canadians. The province preserves and promotes the historic language and culture of its French-speaking citizens. About seven million people live in Quebec. It is Canada's largest province.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Quebec is highly industrialized and its economy is quite diverse. The Montreal region has been an important financial, service and industrial centre since Confederation. Workers produce fabric, clothing,<br> food, paper, metal, and chemical and wood products. Montr?al is the main commercial centre of Quebec, and has developed competitive industries in space and aeronautics, energy and pharmaceuticals. It is also the centre<br> of a vast transportation network. The resources of the Canadian Shield have helped Quebec develop important industries, including forestry, energy and mining. Quebec is Canada's main producer of pulp and paper and a major producer of minerals such as asbestos, gold, copper, silver and iron ore. The province's huge supply of freshwater has allowed it to become Canada's largest producer of hydroelectricity.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;There are many farms around the lowland areas of the St. Lawrence, where vegetables, fruit and feed crops are grown. Dairy farms are common. Quebec has the largest dairy farming industry in Canada. Quebec's provincial parks, the Laurentian Mountains and its many historic sites play an important role in its tourism industry.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Montreal</font></b></font> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Montreal.jpg" width="450" height="334"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.47)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Montreal</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.47) </font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">is the largest city in Quebec and is located on the Island of Montreal where the St Lawrence and Ottawa Rivers meet and is surrounded by the St Lawrence River. It is connected to the mainland by a series of bridges. In the centre of the island is Mont Royal, a 233 metre extinct volcano. With a population of 3,635,571 according to the 2006 census, it is the most populous city in the province. In 2006 over 38,000 people moved to the city from outside Canada. Montreal is the largest inland port in the world where many ships stop off between the Atlantic and the Great Lakes. This has meant the city has become a hub for the Canadian Pacific Railway and the Canadian National Railway.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Major industries within the city include pharmaceuticals, textiles, high technology, clothing manufacturing, education, electronics and software engineering. The city is one of the world's largest aeronautics centres, along with Seattle (USA) and Toulouse (France). Montreal also ranks fourth in <font color="#0000CC">North America</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.48)</font></font></font></font> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">in terms of employment in the pharmaceutical sector.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/The_Port_of_Vancouver.jpg" width="400" height="270"> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.48)</font></font></font></font><br> <br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Belleville</font></b></font> <p align="center"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;It is the largest city located in the Bay of Quinte region (pronounced kwin-tee) and has a population of 49,000 people. It is minutes away from the picturesque Prince Edward County which we featured last month. Whether you are thinking of visiting the area or making a more permanent move then Belleville could be just the place you are looking for. The city is ideally located in Eastern Ontario between Toronto, Ottawa and Montreal and less than an hour from the US border crossing. The <font color="#0000CC">busy highway</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.49)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> 401, a main arterial road through Ontario skirts the city, as do numerous rail links. It is a bustling city surrounded by beautiful countryside.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Belleville.jpg" width="261" height="392"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.49)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Belleville is at the heart of the Quinte region and is an excellent base for trips to the surrounding areas. The city has many hotels and motels as well as bed and breakfasts offering every type of accommodation for every budget. There <br> are also many restaurants catering to every pallet. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The city is the manufacturing, distribution and transportation centre for the southeastern area of Ontario. It has a diverse economy which includes food processing, warehousing, plastics packaging, call centres, pharmaceutical and automotive parts. Belleville is home to many local, national and international companies including Bioniche Life Sciences, Nortel Networks, Procter &amp; Gamble, Sears Canada, Stream International, The Kellogg Company to name but a few. It will also soon be the location of a large Lowes D.I.Y warehouse which is currently under construction to the north of the city. Large public sector companies include Hastings Prince Edward Board Of Education, Quinte Health Care Corp, Algonquin Lakeshore Catholic School Board, Loyalist College Applied Arts and the City of Belleville.</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Ottawa</font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Queen Victoria chose the site of the new Dominion of Canada in the <font color="#0000CC">mid-nineteenth century</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.50)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. Her choice pleased no one the French Canadians had lobbied for Quebec City, and those of English heritage wanted either Toronto of Kingston. By that simple decision, sleepy little Bytown was transformed into Ottawa, a world capital. A good place to start a tour of Ottawa is at the Peace Tower, a neo-Gothic structure that rises nearly 300 feet above Ottawa's Parliament complex. Every day during the summer, if the weather allows it, visitors can see soldiers wearing red coats and bearskin hats change the guard in a ceremony not unlike the one that takes place at Buckingham Palace in London.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/The_Centre_of_Ottawa.jpg" width="443" height="331"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.50)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Southern Ontario</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The area bordered by Lake Huron, <font color="#0000CC">Lake Ontario</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.4.51)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, and Lake Erie offers visitors a rich variety of activities for the visitor, including battle sites from the American forays into Canada during the War of 1812, and automobile manufacturing plants at Oshawa and Hamilton. Fans of auto racing might want to visit Mosport, home of the Grand Prix of Canada.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/cities/Sunset_over_Quantico_Lake.jpg" width="459" height="344"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.4.51)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="+2"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">Comprehension Check</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1. What is the population of Canada?<br> 2. What three oceans border on Canada?<br> 3. What is the capital city of Canada?<br> 4. Name all the provinces and territories and their capital cities.<br> 5. Name the five regions of Canada.<br> 6. Which region covers more than one-third of Canada?<br> 7. In which region do more than half the people in Canada live?<br> 8. One-third of all Canadians live in which province?<br> 9. Where are the Canadian Rockies?<br> 10. Where are the Great Lakes?<br> 11. Which mountain range is on the border between Alberta and British Columbia?<br> 12. Where are the Parliament buildings located?<br> 13. Which country borders Canada on the south?<br> 14. What are the Prairie provinces?<br> 15. Which province in Canada is the smallest in land size?<br> 16. What is a major river in Quebec?<br> 17. On what date did Nunavut become a territory?</font><br> </p> <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr7"></a><b><font size="+4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#009900">The Culture and Sport</font></b></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/culture_and_sports/Culture%20.jpg" width="283" height="141"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.5.01)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canadian culture has historically been influenced by British, French, and Aboriginal cultures and traditions. It has also been influenced by American culture because the two countries are close to each other. American media and entertainment are popular if not dominant in English Canada. Also, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the US and worldwide. Many cultural products are marketed toward a unified &quot;North American&quot; or global market.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture are supported by federal government programs, laws and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country. There are differences in culture from province to province and region to region. Canadian culture has also been greatly influenced by immigration from all over the world. Many Canadians value multiculturalism, and see Canadian culture as being inherently multicultural. Multicultural heritage is the basis of Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; National symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and First Nations sources. Particularly, the use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century and is depicted on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms. Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada goose, common loon, the Crown, and the RCMP. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Canada's official national sports are ice hockey (winter) and lacrosse (summer). Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is the most popular sport Canadians play, with 1.65 million active participants in 2004. Canada's six largest metropolitan areas - Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton - have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the league than from all other countries combined. After hockey, other popular spectator sports include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, volleyball, and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not as widespread.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Canada has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the 1976 Summer Olympics, the 1988 Winter Olympics, and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup. Canada will be the host country for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;A <font color="#0000CC">Kwakwaka'wakw</font> totem pole and traditional &quot;big house&quot; in Victoria </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.5.01)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, BC.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canadian culture has historically been influenced by British, French, and Aboriginal cultures and traditions. It has also been influenced by American culture because of its proximity and migration between the two countries. American media and entertainment are popular if not dominant in English Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the US and worldwide. Many cultural products are marketed toward a unified&quot; North American&quot; or global market. The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture are supported by federal government programs, laws and institutions such as the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC), the National Film Board of Canada (NFB), and the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC).<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country. There are cultural variations and distinctions from province to province and region to region. Canadian culture has also been greatly influenced by immigration from all over the world. Many Canadians value multiculturalism, and see Canadian culture as being inherently multicultural. Multicultural heritage is the basis of Section 27 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Royal Canadian Mounted Police, seen here at Expo 67, are the federal and national police force of Canada and an international icon. National symbols are influenced by natural, historical, and First Nations sources. Particularly, the use of the maple leaf as a Canadian symbol dates back to the early 18th century and is depicted on its current and previous flags, the penny, and on the coat of arms. Other prominent symbols include the beaver, Canada goose, common loon, the Crown, the RCMP, and more recently the totem pole and inukchuk.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's official national sports are ice <font color="#0000CC">hockey</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.5.02)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(winter) and lacrosse (summer). Hockey is a national pastime and the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is the most popular sport Canadians play, with 1.65 million active participants in 2004. </font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/culture_and_sports/Hockey.jpg" width="311" height="339"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.5.02)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's six largest metropolitan areas - Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton - have franchises in the National Hockey League (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the league than from all other countries combined. After hockey, other popular spectator sports include curling and football; the latter is played professionally in the Canadian Football League (CFL). Golf, baseball, skiing, soccer, volleyball, and basketball are widely played at youth and amateur levels, but professional leagues and franchises are not as widespread. <br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada hosted several high-profile international sporting events, including the1976 Summer Olympics, the 1988 Winter Olympics, and the 2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup Canada will be the host country for the 2010 Winter Olympics in Vancouver and Whistler, British Columbia.</font><br> <br> </p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr8"></a><font size="+4"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#009900">FAUNA AND FLORA</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The fauna of Canada is considered to be diverse across Canada. Canada has multiple ecosystems, ranging from lush forests of British Columbia, to the prairies of Western Canada, to the tundra of the Northern Canada. With a large land mass, and small population density, the wildlands of Canada provide important habitat for many animals, both endangered and not.</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Mammals</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Mammals are found in all the regions of Canada. Members of six orders of placental <font color="#0000CC">mammals inhabit Canada</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.01,picture C.6.02,</font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">picture C.6.03 and picture C.6.04</font></font></font></font><font color="#000000">)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. They are the bats, carnivores (including the pinnipeds), artiodactyls, cetaceans, insectivores, and rodents (including the lagomorphs). Additionally, one species of marsupial, the opossum, can now be found in southern Canada.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Lynx.jpg" width="309" height="232"> <img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Elk.jpg" width="300" height="240"> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.01)</font></font></font></font> <font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000"> (picture C.6.02)</font></font></font></font> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Bison.jpg" width="530" height="350"> <font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.03)</font></font></font></font><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Polar_Bears.jpg" width="623" height="445"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.04)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Because of its large wild spaces, Canada is home to many large mammals, some of which have been extirpated in more densely populated areas, for example large predators such as the gray wolf and the brown bear. Well known as &quot;Canadian&quot; are those mammals that are comfortable in the north, such as the caribou, the moose, the wolverine, and the musk ox. In the springtime, great herds of caribou migrate from the forest to their summer calving grounds. On the Eastern Shield, the George River herd of Quebec Labrador caribou is one of the largest herds in the world with an estimated 700,000 to 800,000 animals. On the Western Shield, the Bathurst herd of barren ground caribou has about 350,000 animals that summer around Bathurst Inlet. To the west of Hudson Bay, the Qamanirjuaq (Kaminuriak) herd numbers about 500,000 while the Thelon Game Sanctuary is located within the range of the Beverly herd of approximately 300,000 animals. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The arrival of caribou to the Barren Grounds marks the advent of the Central Arctic's brief summer. It was a time of celebration for local Inuit groups and in years of scarcity, the difference between survival and starvation. Caribou, musk oxen, migratory birds and other creatures are lured by the rich food supply of tundra meadows with low growing sedges, grasses, small wild berries, wildflowers, mosses and lichens as well as the dwarf birches and Arctic willows that grow in river valleys. <br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Other prominent Canadian mammals are the <font color="#0000CC">Canada lynx</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.01)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, and the North American beaver, which is a major symbol of Canada. Among them are <font color="#0000CC">domestic mammals</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.05)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">, such as the horse, pig, sheep, dog, cat, and cattle, and wild mammals, such as the brown rat and the house mouse. . In addition to these native mammals, many Eurasian mammals were introduced (either intentionally or accidentally) by European colonists. </font><br> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/European_colonists.jpg" width="145" height="133"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.05)</font></font></font></font> </p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;There are twenty-two species of ocean mammals off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador. There are two types of whales, baleen and toothed. Baleen whales have bristle like baleen plates instead of teeth. The baleen is made of keratin the same substance found in hair, nails and horns and the whale uses them to filter water and catch food. Toothed whales have a set of teeth they use to catch and eat food.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Humpback whales</font>: The most common whale here is the humpback whale (pictured on our title page) and Newfoundland and Labrador has the largest population of feeding Humpbacks in the world. The Humpbacks spend the months in the Caribbean and migrate winter north to the Newfoundland and Labrador coast during April and stay until October. Humpbacks are baleen whales and the adults can weigh 36,000 kilograms and measure 12-15 metres in length. Females tend to weigh more than males and are longer. Adults can eat two tons of fish and planktonic crustaceans every day. They only feed during the summer, living off reserves in the winter months. This species is know to catch fish using a bubble net feeding technique. This is where a number of humpbacks encircle a school of fish whilst blowing air bubbles. The circle grows ever tighter forcing the fish into a small area when the whales suddenly swim upwards through the fish <br> catching thousands in one mouthful. Females give birth every two or three years and have a gestation period of 12 months. The calf will weigh around one ton at birth and be 3-5 metres in length. They typically feed from their mother for the first year. Humpbacks are notorious for their acrobatic skills and can be seen jumping out of the water - known as breeching - and falling back, slapping the water. They are also the star of many a photograph when they dive under the water raising their tail flukes in the air, as pictured to the side. Individual whales can be distinguished by their tail flukes as each one is unique. This is rare amongst whales making them one of the most studies species.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Minke_whales.jpg" width="228" height="178"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.06)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Minke whales</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.06)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">: These whales have a distinctive narrow, triangular shaped head and are one of the smallest baleen whales. They are very fast in the water reaching speeds of 16-21 kilometers an hour. They can be seen in the bays around Newfoundland and Labrador but spend most of their time below water, so can be more difficult to spot. They are however curious and will often approach boats and swim alongside. They are most common in summer and early fall. Adult males measure around 8-9 metres in length and females slightly longer at 8-10 metres. Both weigh around10 tons and feed on krill and small fish. Females give birth once every two years and calves measure around 3 metres and weight 450 kg at birth. They nurse for around six months.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Pilot_Whale.jpg" width="242" height="191"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.07)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Pilot Whale</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.07)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">: This whale is actually a member of the dolphin family and is very intelligent and second in size only to the orca or killer whale. They swim in large groups of around one hundred individuals and are very social. They have a distinctive round bulbous head with a long, stocky body. Unlike the previous two species we discussed the male pilot is larger than the female at around 6 meters in length and weighing in at three tons. The female is around 5 metres and weighs only 1.5 tons. Pilot whales are toothed whales but only have 40-48 teeth compared to the usual 120 or so in other dolphin species. They feed primarily on squid but also eat octopus, cuttlefish an other small fish such as herring. Females give birth only every 3-5 years and calves are typically around 1.8 metres in length and weigh 100 kg at birth: they nurse for around two years. Pilot whales can be seen in the Newfoundland and Labrador water during summer and early fall.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Finback_Whales.jpg" width="281" height="292"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.08)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Finback Whales </font></font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.08 and </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">picture C.6.09</font></font></font></font><font color="#000000">)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">: These whales are huge and the second largest whale in the world. They have very distinctive lower jaw colouring with the right side being white or creamy yellow and the left mottled black. The colours are reversed on its tongue. These whales tend to be found further from the shore than most other species and so may only be seen from a boat, usually in small groups of 5-8 individuals. Adult males grow to around 24 metres in length and weigh between</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Blue_Whale.jpg" width="180" height="203"> <font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.09)</font></font></font></font> <p align="left"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">50-70 tons. Females give birth every three or four years and the calf nurses for 6-8 months.</font> <p align="left"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Blue Whale</font>: This whale is the largest mammal ever to have lived on earth. Adults can reach lengths of over 30 metres but are more usually between23-25 metres. The largest ever found was 33 metres in length. Females are larger and can weigh up to 150 tons compared to around 100 tons for males. Surprisingly for such a huge animal they feed on small fish and krill but have to eat around four tons a day which equates to around 40 million krill a day. Females give birth every two or three years to a calf weighing tons and measuring 8 metres in length. Calves are weaned at around 8 months by which time they weight around 23 tons. The best time to catch a glimpse of a blue whale in Newfoundland and Labrador is in the fall and winter months.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Orca</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.10)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">: Also commonly known as the killer whale, Orcas are seen off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador during the summer months. These are probably some of the most familiar species of whale with their distinctive black and white markings. Every orca has its own distinctive markings making each individual identifiable. This makes them another well studied species. The dorsal fin is also very distinctive and can reach 1.8 metres in length and is a straight triangle shape on males and a more curved triangle on females and young males. Orcas in captivity seem to loose the rigidity of their dorsal fin allowing it to bend over to the side. This phenomenon is not seen in the wild. Orcas are toothed whales and will feed on any small animals including seals, sharks, penguins and other smaller whales. Males can grow to just under 10 metres in length and weigh around 9 tons. Females are much smaller at around 8 metres weighing an average of four tons.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">They give birth every 3-5 years and the calf will be around two metres in length. The summer months are the best time to spot Orcas off the coast of Newfoundland and Labrador.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/White-sided_Dolphin.jpg" width="240" height="242"> </p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.10)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">White-sided Dolphin</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.11)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">: These playful dolphins can often be seen jumping out of the water and riding the waves. They tend to be found in large groups from a few dozen to many hundreds. The belly of the dolphin is white, the sides grey and the back black. It has a black beak and a black eye ring and a yellow patch at the rear of the dorsal fin making it a very attractively colored dolphin. They tend to be around 2-2.5 metres in length and weigh around 150 kg. They eat squid and small fish such as herrings and tend to feed at night. Females give birth every two or three years and the calf is usually about a metre in length.</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Dolphin2.jpg" width="219" height="205"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.11)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#0000CC">Other species</font><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.12)</font></font></font></font><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">:</font> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Grey_Whale%20.jpg" width="229" height="193"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.12)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#0000CC">Birds</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.13)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">:</font></p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/Birds.jpg" width="250" height="167"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.13)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">A Canada goose</font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's avifauna comprises 462 species, members of seventeen orders of bird. The two most diverse orders are the passerines and the charadriiformes. The most commonly known birds include the Canada goose, snowy owl, and the common raven. Another prominent Canadian bird is the whooping crane, whose only breeding grounds are protected in Wood Buffalo National Park.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Reptiles</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada has forty-three species of reptile, including turtles, lizards, and snakes. Of the major types of reptile, only crocodiles are not found in Canada.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada has twenty-five species of snake, representing three families. Most Canadian snakes are members of the colubrid family, including several species of garter snake. Additionally, the western provinces have species of pit viper, such as the western rattlesnake, and British Columbia has Canada's only species of boa, the rubber boa.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is home to six species of lizard, all living along the southern border with the United States.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada also has twelve species of turtle, representing six families. A common turtle in Canada is the painted turtle, which can be found in all ten of Canada's southern provinces, except Newfoundland and Labrador.<br> Nunavut, the Yukon, and Newfoundland &amp; Labrador have no reptiles.</font> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Amphibians</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada has forty-three types of amphibian, including salamanders as well as frogs and toads.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's salamanders are found in all ten provinces, but none live in the three northern territories. Notable salamanders of Canada include the common spotted salamander of eastern Canada, and the rare pacific giant salamander of British Columbia's coastal rainforest.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Frogs and toads are found in every region of Canada, though more are found in the south. Canada is home to five families of frogs and toads, including the true frogs, true toads, and tree frogs, which are found in every province and territory (except Nunavut, which only has true frogs), the spadefoots, which are found in the prairie provinces, and the tailed frog, which is found only in British Columbia.</font> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><br> <font color="#990099">Fish</font></font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's rivers are famous for their annual runs of Atlantic salmon on the east coast and, on the west coast, Pacific salmon. Canada's many freshwater lakes and streams are home to rainbow trout, Arctic char, and brook trout. There are significant commercial fisheries in many salt-water species, including Atlantic cod, haddock and halibut, although some of these are in decline.</font> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Invertebrates</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Due partially to the harshness of its winters, Canada has no native poisonous insects. Common Canadian insects include the mosquito and black fly.</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#009900">FLORA</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">flora</font> of Canada is quite diverse, due to the wide range of ecoregions and environmental conditions present in Canada. From the warm, temperate broadleaf forests of southern Ontario to the frigid Arctic plains of the Northern Canada, from the wet temperate rainforests of the west coast to the arid deserts, badlands and tundra plains, the biodiversity of Canada's plants is extensive </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.6.14)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> .</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/flora_and_fauna/FLORA.jpg" width="157" height="135"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.6.14)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i> </p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr9"></a><font size="+4" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#009900">CANADIAN HOLIDAYS</font></b></font></p> <table width="78%" border="2"> <tr> <td width="19%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"></font></td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>English Name</b></font></div> </td> <td width="61%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b>Remarks</b></font></div> </td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">January 1</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">New Year's Day</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory. Celebrates the first day of every year in the Gregorian calendar. Also January 2 in Quebec.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Friday before Easter Sunday</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Good Friday</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory, except in Quebec where Easter Monday is statutory. Acknowledges the crucifixion of Jesus Christ, traditionally on 3 April, 33 AD; see Good Friday article for details. Not fully observed in Quebec.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Easter Sunday</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Easter</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory, although falls on a Sunday. Many government agencies take off Easter Monday in lieu of Sunday.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Monday on or before May 24</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Victoria Day</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory, except in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. Celebration of the birthday of the current Canadian monarch. (Originally, May 24 was the birthday of Queen Victoria.) In Quebec, Victoria Day and the National Patriot's Day (Commemoration of the Lower Canada Rebellion) are celebrated on the same day.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">July 1</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Canada Day</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory. Commemoration of Canada's 1867 Confederation. In Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada Day and Memorial Day (Commemoration of the Battle of the Somme) are celebrated on the same day. If July 1 is a Sunday, the holiday is legally on July 2.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">First Monday in September</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Labour Day</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Second Monday in October</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Thanksgiving</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory, except in New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. A day of general thanks for one's blessings. (Note: Thanksgiving is not celebrated on the same day as it is in the U.S.)</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">November 11</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Remembrance Day</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory holiday everywhere except Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia (Remembrance Day is a special case in Nova Scotia). Commemoration of Canada's war dead. Anniversary of the armistice ending World War I in 1918.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">December 25</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Christmas Day</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory. Celebrates the birth of Jesus Christ.</font></td> </tr> <tr> <td width="19%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">December 26</font></div> </td> <td width="20%"> <div align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Boxing Day</font></div> </td> <td width="61%"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Statutory in Ontario and federal jurisdictions. It is not an official Holiday in Quebec and is not a Statutory Holiday in British Columbia.</font></td> </tr> </table> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Calgary Stampede</font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The famous Calgary Stampede will take place between July3rd and 13th at Stampede Park in Calgary, Alberta. Stampede Park is located southeast of downtown Calgary along Macleod Trail between 12 Avenue S.E. and 25 Avenue S.E. The park will be open from 11 a.m. to midnight every day, although indoor attractions and commercial exhibits will close at 11 p.m. www.calgarystampede.com</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Belleville Waterfront Ethnic Festival</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Enjoy free admission to this fun event taking place in Belleville, Ontario between July 10th and 13th. The festival includes arts and crafts, children's village, music, fireworks, parades, dragon boat racing and lots more. Find the festival at West Zwicks Island Park on the waterfront.<br> www.bellevillewaterfrontfestival.com</font></p> <p align="center"><br> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#990099">Great Northern Arts Festival</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;If you happen to be in the Northwest Territories then why not stop off and enjoy the Great Northern Arts Festival being held in Inuvik. The festival takes place between July11th and 20th and will include arts and crafts, galleries, concerts, workshops, music and lots of other things to keep you entertained. www.gnaf.org</font></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+3"><b><font color="#990099">Halifax Highland Games and Scottish Festival</font></b></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;You don't have to be Scottish to enjoy this event held at Dartmouth Common, Nova Scotia. Join in the fun on Saturday July12th with piping, drumming, highland dancing, golf and of course the games themselves. www.halifaxhighlandgames.com</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Quebec City's Summer Festival</font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;To experience Quebec City's Summer Festival, is to take part in the largest With 400 shows and 200 groups over outdoor arts festival in Canada. 11 days, the excitement in the art of majestic Qu?bec City will be contagious. Taking place between July 3rd and the 13th with Rock, world music, French, jazz, classical, street art, the Festival has exclusive and large scale events to suit every taste.<br> www.infofestival.com</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Winnipeg Folk Festival</font></b></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Taking place between July 10th and13th the Winnipeg Folk Festival will entertain you with performances from groups from across Canada and the rest of the world. See Folk-Rock, Joan Armatrading, The Beautiful Girls, Geoff Berner amongst many others. Find them all at Birds Hill Provincial Park.<br> www.winnipegfolkfestival.ca</font></p> <p align="center"><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Caribana Festival, Toronto</font></b> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Caribana Festival is an exciting two-week cultural explosion of Caribbean music, cuisine, revelry as well as visual and performing arts. The event takes place between July15th and August3rd at various locations in the city of Toronto. Enjoy the Calypso, Soca, Reggae, Hip Hop, Chutney, Steel Pan and Brass Bands. <br> www.caribana.com</font></p> <p align="center"><font size="+3"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Canada Day</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Every year on the 1st July Canadians, wherever in the world they are celebrate <font color="#0000CC">Canada Day</font> </font><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(see picture C.7.01)</font></font></font></font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">. This national holiday celebrates the anniversary of the formation of the union of the British North America provinces in a federation under the name of Canada on July 1st 1867.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Charlottetown in Prince Edward Island is known as the Birthplace of the Confederation. It is here that the Fathers of the Confederation met in September1864 to discuss the unification of Canada. A month later another meeting took place in Quebec and then a final meeting in London, England in 1866 where all the final details were set in place. The British government passed the British North America Act, creating the Dominion of Canada as of July 1st, 1867. The original Dominion of Canada started with four provinces: New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario and Quebec. In 1870 the province of Manitoba was formed and it became part of the confederation that year as did North West Territories. At this point in time this made Canada one of the largest countries in the world. In 1871 British Columbia became the latest member after being promised a transcontinental railway which was duly completed five years later. In 1873 Prince Edward Island joined after Canada agreed to help with ferry links to the island. This was later replaced by the building of the Confederation Bridge.</font><br> </p> <p align="center"><img src="images/holidays/Confederation_Bridge.jpg" width="163" height="253"></p> <p align="center"><font size="2"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#000000"><font color="#333333"><font color="#000000">(picture C.7.01)</font></font></font></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In 1898 Canada created the Yukon Territory after the discovery of gold in the Klondike. By forming the territory they were able to form a local government to help maintain law and order. In 1905 Alberta and Saskatchewan were formed and became members of the confederation. After a long gap Newfoundland and Labrador finally joined the confederation in 1949 after World War II left it in economic distress. In 1982 the repatriation North America Act separated Canada of the British from England but still allowing it to be a member of the Commonwealth. In 1999 the territory of Nunavut was formed by dividing the North West Territories according the the traditional lands of the Inuit. Nunavut was the last area to become part of the confederation and the new Northwest Territories was born. At this point in time a new map of Canada was drawn up, designating all the provinces and territories as we know them today.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Since 1868 Canada has celebrated Canada Day, originally known as Dominion Day and renamed in 1982.</font></p> <p align="center><img src="images/holidays/Dominion_Day.jpg" width="367" height="337"><br> </p> <p align="center><img src="images/holidays/Dominion_Day.jpg" width="367" height="337"></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><i><a href="#pr0">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</a></i> </font></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr10"></a><b><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#009900">PEOPLE OF CANADA</font></b></p> <p align="center"><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Most of Canada's largest population centers are found in the interior lowlands and portions of the Atlantic provinces. They are connected to the main cities of the other regions by an extensive transportation system of railways, air routes and highways including the impressive Trans-Canada Highway and the transcontinental rail system. Both represent important engineering feats that begin on an island in the Atlantic and end on an island in the Pacific. Canada's superb transportation infrastructure allows access to the far corners of the country and supports the unique blend of modern conveniences and magnificent wilderness areas. <br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Toronto, Ontario skyline with the CN Tower. Toronto is Canada's most populous metropolitan area with 5,113,149 people. Canada's 2006 census counted a total population of 31,612,897, an increase of5.4% since2001. Population growth is from immigration and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About three-quarters of Canada's population live within 150 kilometres (90 mi) of the US border. A similar proportion live in urban areas concentrated in the Quebec City-Windsor Corridor (notably the Greater Golden Horseshoe including Toronto and area, Montreal, and Ottawa), the BC Lower Mainland (consisting of the region surrounding Vancouver), and the Calgary- Edmonton Corridor in Alberta. According to the 2006 census, there are 43 ethnic origins that at least one hundred thousand people in Canada claim in their background. <br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">The largest ethnic group is English (21%), followed by French (15.8%), Scottish (15.2%), Irish (13.9%), German (10.2%), Italian (5%), Chinese (4%), Ukrainian (3.6%), and First Nations (3.5%); approximately, one third of respondents identified their ethnicity as &quot;Canadian. <br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada's aboriginal population is growing almost twice as fast as the Canadian average. In 2006, 16.2% of the population belonged to non-aboriginal visible According to Statistics Canada's forecasts, the number of visible minorities in minorities. <br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canada is expected to double by 2017. Surveys released in 2007 reveals that virtually 1 in 5 Canadians (19.8%) are foreign born. Nearly 60% of new immigrants hail from Asia (including the Middle East).<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Canada has the highest per capita immigration rate in the world,[68] driven by economic policy and family reunification; Canada also accepts large numbers of refugees. Newcomers settle mostly in the major urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal. In the 2006 census, there were 5,068,100 people considered to belong to a visible minority, making up16.2% of the population. Between 2001 and 2006, the visible minority population rose by 27.2%.<br> &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Support for religious pluralism is an important part of Canada's political culture. According to the 2001 census, 77.1% of Canadians identify as being Christians; of this, Catholics make up the largest group (43.6% of Canadians). The largest Protestant denomination is the United Church of Canada. About 16.5% of Canadians declare no religious affiliation, and the remaining6.3% are affiliated with religions other than Christianity, of which the largest is Islam numbering1.9%, followed by Judaism at 1.1%.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Canadian provinces and territories are responsible for education. Each system is similar while reflecting regional history, culture and geography. The mandatory school age ranges between5-7 to 16-18 years, contributing to an adult literacy rate that is 99%. Postsecondary education is also administered by provincial and territorial governments, who provide most of the funding; the federal government administers additional research grants, student loans and scholarships. In 2002, 43% of Canadians aged between 25 and 64 had post- secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34 the post-secondary attainment reaches 51%.</font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">British Columbia</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The population of British Columbia is 4,074,385, of which 1,119,215 are foreign born. The top five source countries are China (145,315), United Kingdom (137,460), India (119,265), Hong Kong(78,060) and Philippines (69,200). According to the census the top mother tongues in the province are English, Chinese, Punjabi, German and French.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2" color="#990099">Alberta</font></b> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Alberta has a population of 3,256,355 of which 537,030 are foreign born. The main mother tongues spoken are English, Chinese, German, French and Punjabi. Top source countries are United Kingdom (60,210), China (41,500), India (38,610), Philippines (36,630) and the United States.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b><font size="+2" color="#990099">Saskatchewan</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;In Saskatchewan the main language is English followed by German, Cree, Ukrainian and French. Of the 953,845 population 48,160 are foreign born from the following countries: United Kingdom (7,685), United States (5,425), China (3,400), Germany (2,680) and Philippines (2,460).</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#990099"><b><font size="+2">Manitoba</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The province of Manitoba has a population of 1,133,515. Foreign born numbers equate to 151,230 from the Philippines (25,485), United Kingdom (15,225), Germany (9,045), Poland (7,355) and United States (7,090). The top five mother tongues are English, German, French, Tagalog and Ukrainian.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">Ontario</font></b></font></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The most populous province with 12,028,895 people is also home to the majority of foreign born people (3,398,725). The United Kingdom is the country of origin for 321,650 of them, India (258,530), China (229,945), Italy (198,315) and Philippines (151,380). The top five mother tongues are English, French, Chinese, Italian and Spanish.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b><font size="+2" color="#990099">Quebec</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Quebec shows a different pattern to many other locations with 851,560 foreign born people from the total population of 7,435,905. The main source country was Italy (65,550) followed by France (59,210), Haiti (56,750), China (39,190) and Lebanon (34,875). Not surprisingly the top mother tongue is French, followed by English, Italian, Spanish and Arabic.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b><font size="+2"><br> </font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font size="+2"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">New Brunswick</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;New Brunswick is home to 719,650 people of which 26,395 are foreign born. The top five mother tongues are English, French, Mi'kmaq, Chinese and German. The top source countries are the United States (8,660), United Kingdom (5,210), Germany (1,775), Netherlands (995) and China (925).</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">Prince Edward Island</font></b></font></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;PEI is the smallest of Canada's provinces with a population of 134,205. Of those 4,785 are foreign born coming from the United States (1,260), United Kingdom (1,170), Netherlands (495), Germany (225) and Belgium (80). The top five mother tongues are English, French, Dutch, German and Spanish.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font size="+2"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Nova Scotia</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Nova Scotians number 903,090, of those 45,190 are foreign born. The top mother tongues are English, French, Arabic, Mi'kmaq and German. The top source countries are the United Kingdom (11,665), United States (7,960), Germany (1,740).</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1" color="#990099"><br> <font size="+2"><b>Newfoundland and Labrador</b></font></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Of the 500,610 population 8,385 are foreign born. The top source countries are United Kingdom (2,330), United States (1,400), India (435), Germany (390) and China (345). The top mother tongues are English, French, Montagnais-Naskapi, Chinese and Spanish.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">Yukon Territories</font></b></font></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The Yukon has a population of 30,190 with around 10% (3,010) being foreign born. The top source countries are the United States (600), United Kingdom (555), Germany (400), Philippines (160) and Switzerland (125). Top mother tongues are English, French, German, Athapaskan and Chinese.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+2"><b><font color="#990099">Northwest Territories</font></b></font></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;The population of Northwest territories is 41,060 with foreign born numbers of 2,810. The main source countries are the Philippines (555), United Kingdom (345), Viet Nam (245), United States (235) and Germany (130). The top five mother tongues are English, Dogrib, South Slave, French and North Slave.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><b><font size="+2" color="#990099">Nunavut</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Nunavut has the smallest number of foreign born population at just 455 against a total population of 29,325. Over 20,000 of that population speak native Inuktitut languages followed by English, French, Tagalog and German. Of the few foreign born people they originate from the United Kingdom (90), Philippines (45), United States (45), Germany (30) and Poland (15).</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font size="+2"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#990099">Toronto, Ontario</font></b></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp;Of all the locations in Canada, Toronto is the primary destination of all immigrants. Of the 5,072,075 population of the city more than half (2,320,160) are foreign born. The main source countries are India (221,935), China (191,120), Italy (130,685), Philippines (130,315) and United Kingdom (125,975). The main mother tongue languages spoken in Toronto are English, Chinese, Italian, Punjabi and </font><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">Spanish.</font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><br> <font size="+2"><b>Comprehension Check</b></font></font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1. Who are the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?<br> 2. What are the three main groups of Aboriginal peoples?<br> 3. From whom are the M?tis descended?<br> 4. Which group of Aboriginal peoples make up more than half the population of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut?<br> 5. Why are the Aboriginal peoples of Canada working toward selfgovernment?</font></p> <p align="justify"></p> <p align="justify"></p> <p align="justify"><br> </p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i> </p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr11"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+4" color="#009900">Test</font></p> <p align="justify"><br> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">1. Canada is the ____ largest country in the world.<br> a. first<br> b. second<br> c. third<br> d. most<br> 2. ______, _______, ______ are Canada's Prairie Provinces.<br> a. British Columbia, Quebec, Ontario<br> b. Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba<br> c. Northwest Territories, Manitoba, Alberta<br> d. British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan<br> 3. _________are the youngest and highest mountains in Canada.<br> a. the Rocky Mountains<br> b. western Cordillera<br> c. Canadian Shield<br> d. Innutian Mountains<br> 4. Choose an appropriate word according to the definition:&quot;& to be born or native to an area&quot;<br> a. inhabited<br> b. existed<br> c. indigenous<br> d. colonized<br> 5. Who is perhaps the first European to reach North America?<br> a. Vikings<br> b. Pilgrims<br> c. European trades<br> d. Christopher Columbus people<br> 6. Who colonized Canada?<br> a. Dutch<br> b. English<br> c. American<br> d. French<br> 7. How many provinces are there in Canada now?<br> a. 8<br> b. 10<br> c. 9<br> d. 11<br> 8. How many territories does Canada have?<br> a. 2<br> b. 3<br> c. 1<br> d. -<br> 9. Choose an appropriate word according to the definition:&quot;& the period after World War II when many people had children and the economy grew steadily&quot;?<br> a. Kid's Up Growth<br> b. Parents' Progress<br> c. Children's Increase<br> d. Baby Boom<br> 10. What are three levels of government?<br> a. Federal, provincial, municipal<br> b. Federal, provincial, territorial<br> c. Federal, parliamentarian, provincial<br> d. Municipal, parliamentarian, provincial<br> 11. The responsibilities of the different levels of government are defined in Canada's ______<br> a. law<br> c. code<br> d. constitution<br> e. National Assembly<br> 12. Choose an appropriate word according to the definition:&quot;& a list of the people who are registed to vote&quot;<br> a. vote list<br> b. bulletin<br> c. registration <br> d. voter's list<br> 13. Who is the head of the state in Canada's government?<br> a. Prime Minister<br> b. Queen<br> c. Governor-General<br> d. none of them<br> 14. Schooling on Canada is free in _______ schools<br> a. private <br> b. public<br> c. secondary<br> d. religious<br> 15. When a Canadian student completes ______, he receives a high school ______.<br> a. Grade 10, diploma<br> b. Grade 11, certificate<br> c. grade 12, diploma<br> d. Grade 12, certificate<br> 16. The most popular kind of sport in Canada is__________. <br> a. figure skating<br> b. football<br> c. curling<br> d. hockey<br> 17. What are the Native peoples in Canada?<br> a. Metis, Indians<br> b. Indians, Eskimos<br> c. Metis, Inuit<br> d. Inuit, Eskimos<br> 18. When do Canadians celebrate Canada's Day?<br> a. November 22nd<br> b. October 8th<br> c. May 18th<br> d. July 1st<br> 19. Who invented the telephone?<br> a. Alexander Bell<br> b. Sandford Fleming<br> c. John McIntosh<br> d. David Suzuki</font><br> </p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="justify"><a href=">B25BK : B5ABC <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr12"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+4"><b><font color="#009900">Presentation</font></b></font></p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><a href="Canada-%20Alex.pps"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3">Presentation &quot;Canada - Alex&quot;</font></b></a></p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> </body> </html>
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