ÿþ<html> <head> <title>@>3@0<<0</title> <meta http-equiv="!>45@68<>5-"8?" content="text/html; charset=windows-1251"> <LINK href="styls.css" type=text/css rel=STYLESHEET> </head> <body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" leftmargin="40" background="golub197.gif" vlink="#660066" alink="#660099"> <br> <h1 align="center"><a name="pr0"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+4"><b><font color="#FF0000">New Zealand</font></b></font></h1> <h1 align="center"><img src="images/flag.jpg" width="367" height="221"></h1> <p align="justify"><font size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">New Zealand</font> is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses, (the North Island and the South Island,) and numerous smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous Mori named New Zealand Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long White Cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue (self-governing but in free association); Tokelau; and the Ross Dependency (New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica).</font></p> <p align="justify"><font color="3" size="+1" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealand is notable for its geographic isolation, situated about 2000 km (1250 miles) southeast of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga. During its long isolation New Zealand developed a distinctive fauna dominated by birds, a number of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and the mammals they introduced.</font> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <h1 align="center"><br> <br> <a name="pr1"></a> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#009900">Geography and environment</font></b></font></h1> <h1 align="center"><img src="images/Cannibal Bay.jpg" width="258" height="187"> </h1> <h1 align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(pictures NZ.1.01)</font> </h1> <p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealand comprises two main islands, the North and South Islands, TeIka a Maui and Te Wai Pounamu respectively in Mori, and a number of smaller islands, located near the centre of the water hemisphere. <font color="#0000CC">Cook Strait</font> (see pictures NZ.1.01), 20 km wide at its narrowest point, separates the North and South Islands. The total land area, 268,680 square kilometres (103,738 sq mi), is a little less than that of Italy and Japan, and a little more than the United Kingdom. The country extends more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) along its main, north-north-east axis, with approximately 15,134 km (9,404 mi) of coastline. The most significant of the smaller inhabited islands include Stewart Island/Rakiura; Waiheke Island, in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf; Great Barrier Island, east of the Hauraki Gulf; and the Chatham Islands, named R?kohu by Moriori. The country has extensive marine resources, with the seventh-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1.5 million sq mi), more than 15 times its land area. </font></p> <p> <h1 align="center"><img src="images/diamond-lake_paradise_new-zealand.jpg" width="264" height="179"> </h1> <h1 align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(pictures NZ.1.02)</font> </h1> <p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">South Island</font> (see pictures NZ.1.02) is the largest land mass of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3754 metres (12,320 ft). <br> <br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;There are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) in the South Island. The North Island is less mountainous but is marked by volcanism. The highest North Island mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2,797 m / 9,177 ft), is an active cone volcano. The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the production of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy and the The Last Samurai. </font> <p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the Pacific and <font color="#0000CC">Indo-Australian Plates</font> (see pictures NZ.1.03). </font> <p> <h1 align="center"><img src="images/Coastal Rainbow.jpg" width="257" height="205"> </h1> <h1 align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(pictures NZ.1.03)</font> </h1> <p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealand is part of Zealandia, a continent nearly half the size of Australia that is otherwise almost completely submerged. About 25 million years ago, a shift in plate tectonic movements began to pull Zealandia apart forcefully, with this now being most evident along the Alpine Fault and in the highly active Taupo volcanic zone. The tectonic boundary continues as subduction zones east of the North Island along the Hikurangi Trench to continue north of New Zealand along the Kermadec Trench and the Tonga Trench which is mirrored in the south by the Puysegur Trench. </font> <p align="center"><br> <a href="Ingles_New_Zealand.ppt"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b>Presentation ! 1 &quot;Ingles New Zealand&quot;</b></font></a></p> <p><br> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The latitude of New Zealand, from approximately 34 to 47°S, corresponds closely to that of Italy in the Northern Hemisphere. <font color="#0000CC">However</font> (see pictures NZ.1.04), its isolation from continental influences and exposure to cold southerly winds and ocean currents give the climate a much milder character. </font> <p><br> <h1 align="center"><img src="images/Crescent_Moon_and_Rock_Stacks.jpg" width="274" height="199"> </h1> <h1 align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(pictures NZ.1.04)</font> </h1> <p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">climate</font> (see pictures NZ.1.05) throughout the country is mild and temperate, mainly maritime, with temperatures rarely falling below 0°C (32°F) or rising above 30°C (86°F) in populated areas. Historical maxima and minima are 42.4°C (108.3°F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and -21.6°C (-6.9°F) in Ophir, Otago. Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on the West Coast of the South Island to semi-arid (K?ppen BSh) in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year.</font> <p> <h1 align="center"><img src="images/New Zealand.jpg" width="287" height="182"> </h1> <h1 align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(pictures NZ.1.05)</font></h1> <p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<font color="#0000CC">Auckland</font> (see pictures NZ.1.06), the wettest, receives almost twice that amount. Auckland, Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average in excess of 2000 hours of sunshine per annum. The southern and south-western parts of South Island have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1400-1600 hours; the northern and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country and receive approximately 2400-2500 hours.</font> <p> <h1 align="center"><img src="images/Evening Glow.jpg" width="256" height="190"> </h1> <h1 align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(pictures NZ.1.06)</font> </h1> <p align="center"><a href="Auckland-New%20Zealand.pps"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><b>Presentation ! 2&quot;Auckland - New Zealand&quot;</b></font></a></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+2"><a href="Image_of_New_Zealand_2_mm_bv.pps"><b>Presentation ! 3&quot;Image of New Zealand&quot;</b></a></font><br> <br> </p> <ul> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><br> <a name="pr2"></a> <font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#009900">Population</font></b></font></p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The <font color="#0000CC">population</font> is mostly of European descent, with the indigenous Mori being the largest minority. Asians and non-Mori Polynesians are also significant minorities, especially in the urban areas. Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the Head of State and, in her absence, is represented by a non-partisan Governor-General. She has no real political influence, and her position is essentially symbolic. Political power is held by the democratically elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government. New Zealand's open economy is known for being one of the world's most free market capitalist economies.</font></p> <p align="justify">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><i><a href="#pr0">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</a></i></font></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr3"></a><font size="+3" face="Times New Roman, Times, serif"><b><font color="#009900">History</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealand is one of the most recently settled major landmasses. The first settlers of New Zealand were Eastern Polynesians who came to New Zealand, probably in a series of migrations, sometime between around AD 800 and 1300.Over the next few centuries these settlers developed into a distinct culture now known as Mori. The population was divided into Iwi (tribes) and hap (subtribes) which would co-operate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some point a group of Mori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed their own distinct Moriori culture. <br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Mori killed several of the crew and no Europeans returned to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook's voyage of 1768-71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded European food and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Mori timber, food, artefacts and water. On occasion, Europeans traded goods for sex. The potato and the musket transformed Mori agriculture and warfare, although the resulting Musket Wars died out once the tribal imbalance of arms had been rectified. From the early nineteenth century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, eventually converting most of the M?ori population, who had become disillusioned with their indigenous faith by the introduction of Western culture. </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Becoming aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and increasing interest in the territory by the French, the British government sent William Hobson to New Zealand to claim sovereignty and negotiate a treaty with Mori. The Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. The drafting was done hastily and confusion and disagreement continues to surround the translation. The Treaty is regarded as New Zealand's foundation as a nation and is revered by Mori as a guarantee of their rights. Hobson initially selected Okiato as the capital in 1840, before moving the seat of government to Auckland in 1841.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Under British rule New Zealand had been part of the colony of New South Wales. In 1840 New Zealand became its own dominion, which signalled increasing numbers of European settlers particularly from the British Isles. At first, Mori were eager to trade with the 'Pakeha', as they called them, and many iwi (tribes) became wealthy. As settler numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the New Zealand Land Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss of much M?ori land. The detail of European settlement and the acquisition of land from M?ori remain controversial</font>.<br> </p> <p align="left"><br> </p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr4"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#009900">Economy</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Representative government for the colony was provided for by the passing of the 1852 New Zealand Constitution Act by the United Kingdom. The 1st New Zealand Parliament met for the first time in 1854. In 1856 the colony became effectively self-governing with the grant of responsible government over all domestic matters other than native policy. Power in this respect would be transferred to the colonial administration in the 1860s. In 1863 Premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution that the capital transfer to a locality in Cook Strait, apparently due to concern the South Island could form a separate colony. Commissioners from Australia (chosen for their neutral status) advised Wellington as suitable because of its harbour and central location, and parliament officially sat there for the first time in 1865. In 1893, the country became the first nation in the world to grant women the right to vote. In 1907, New Zealand became an independent Dominion and a fully independent nation in 1947 when the Statute of Westminster (1931) was ratified, although in practice Britain had ceased to play any real role in the government of New Zealand much earlier than this. As New Zealand became more politically independent it became more dependent economically; in the 1890s, refrigerated shipping allowed New Zealand to base its entire economy on the export of meat and dairy products to Britain.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealand was an enthusiastic member of the British Empire, fighting in the Boer War, World War I and World War II and supporting Britain in the Suez Crisis. The country was very much a part of the world economy and suffered as others did in the Great Depression of the 1930s. The depression led to the election of the first Labour government, which established a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy. </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II. However, some social problems were developing; Mori had begun to move to the cities in search of work and excitement rather than the traditional rural way of life. A Mori protest movement would eventually form, criticising Eurocentrism and seeking more recognition of Mori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi, which they felt had not been fully honoured. In 1975 a Waitangi Tribunal was set up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and enabled to investigate historic grievances in 1985. In common with all other developed countries, social developments accelerated in the 1970s and social and political mores changed. By the 1970s, the traditional trade with Britain was threatened because of Britain's membership of the European Economic Community. Great economic and social changes took place in the 1980s under the 4th Labour government largely led by Finance Minister Roger Douglas, and commonly referred to as &quot;Rogernomics.&quot;<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealand has a modern, prosperous, developed economy with an estimated nominal Gross domestic product (GDP) of US$128.1 billion (2008). The country has a relatively high standard of living with an estimated GDP per capita of US$30,234 in 2008, comparable to Southern Europe, e.g. Spain US$33,385, but lower than the United States at US$46,820. Since 2000 New Zealand has made substantial gains in median household income. New Zealand, along with Australia, largely escaped the early 2000s recession that affected most other Western countries.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealanders have a high level of life satisfaction as measured by international surveys; this is despite lower GDP per-head levels than many other OECD countries. The country was ranked 20th on the 2006 Human Development Index and 15th in The Economist's 2005 worldwide quality-of-life index The country was ranked 1st in life satisfaction and 5th in overall prosperity in the 2007 Legatum Institute prosperity index. In addition, the 2007 Mercer Quality of Living Survey ranked Auckland 5th place and Wellington 12th place in the world on its list. Taxation in New Zealand is lighter than in other OECD countries. New Zealand is one of the most free market capitalist economies according to economic freedom indices.<br> The service sector is the largest sector in the economy (68.8% of GDP), followed by manufacturing and construction (26.9% of GDP) and the farming/raw materials extraction (4.3% of GDP).<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;New Zealand is a country heavily dependent on free trade, particularly in agricultural products. Exports account for around 24% of its output, which is a relatively high figure (it is around 50% for many smaller European countries).This makes New Zealand particularly vulnerable to international commodity prices and global economic slowdowns. Its principal export industries are agriculture, horticulture, fishing and forestry. These make up about half of the country's exports. Its major export partners are Australia 20.5%, US 13.1%, Japan 10.3%, China 5.4%, UK 4.9% (2006).Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's economy. Tourism contributes $12.8 billion (or 8.9%) to New Zealand's total GDP and supports nearly 200,000 full-time equivalent jobs (9.9% of the total workforce in New Zealand). Tourists to New Zealand are expected to increase at a rate of 4% annually up to 2013.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The New Zealand dollar is the currency of New Zealand. It also circulates in the Cook Islands (see also Cook Islands dollar), Niue, Tokelau, and the Pitcairn Islands. It is often informally known as the &quot;Kiwi (dollar)&quot;.</font><br> </ul> <p></p> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><i><a href="#pr0">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</a></i></font></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr5"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#009900">Culture</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Much of contemporary New Zealand culture is derived from British roots. It also includes significant influences from American, Australian and Mori cultures, along with those of other European cultures and - more recently - non-Mori Polynesian and Asian cultures. Large festivals in celebration of Diwali and Chinese New Year are held in several of the larger centres. The world's largest Polynesian festival, Pasifika, is an annual event in Auckland. Cultural links between New Zealand and the United Kingdom are maintained by a common language, sustained migration from the United Kingdom, and many young New Zealanders spending time in the United Kingdom on their &quot;overseas experience&quot; (OE). The music and cuisine of New Zealand are similar to that of Britain and the United States, although both have some distinct New Zealand and Pacific qualities.<br> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Mori culture has undergone considerable change since the arrival of Europeans; in particular the introduction of Christianity in the early 19th century brought about fundamental change in everyday life. Nonetheless the perception that most Mori now live similar lifestyles to their P?keh? neighbours is a superficial one. In fact, Mori culture has significant differences, for instance the important role which the marae and the extended family continue to play in communal and family life. As in traditional times, Mori habitually perform karakia to ensure the favourable outcome of important undertakings, but today the prayers used are generally Christian. Mori still regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of personal identity, and Mori kinship roles resemble those of other Polynesian peoples. As part of the resurgence of Mori culture that came to the fore in the late 20th century, the tradition-based arts of kapa haka (song and dance), carving and weaving are now more widely practiced, and the architecture of the marae maintains strong links to traditional forms. Mori also value their connections to Polynesia, as attested by the increasing popularity of waka ama (outrigger canoe racing), which is now an international sport involving teams from all over the Pacific.</font><br> <br> <p align="center"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"><i><a href="#pr0">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</a></i></font></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr6"></a><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+3"><b><font color="#009900">Sports</font></b></font></p> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Sport has a major role in New Zealand's culture, with the unofficial national sport of <font color="#0000CC">rugby</font> (see pictures NZ.6.01) union being particularly influential. Other popular participatory sports include cricket, bowls, netball, soccer, motorsport, golf, swimming and tennis. New Zealand has strong international teams in several sports including rugby union, netball, cricket, rugby league, and softball. New Zealand also does traditionally well in the sports of rowing, yachting and cycling. The country is internationally recognised for performing well on a medals-to-population ratio at Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games.<br> </font> <p align="justify"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1"> &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Rugby union, commonly referred to as rugby, is closely linked to the country's national identity. The national rugby team, the All Blacks, has the best win to loss record of any national team, and is well known for the haka (a traditional M?ori challenge) performed before the start of international matches. New Zealand is also well known for its extreme sports and adventure tourism. Its reputation in extreme sports extends from the establishment of the world's first commercial bungy jumping site at Queenstown in the South Island in November 1988. Mountaineering is also popular, with the country's most famous climber being the late Sir Edmund Hillary, the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest.</font><br> <p align="center"><img src="images/sports.jpg" width="401" height="154"></p> <p align="center"> <font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">(pictures NZ.6.01)</font></p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center"><a name="pr7"></a><font size="+3"><b><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" color="#009900" size="+4">Glossary</font></b></font></p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center"><br> <a href="New-Zealand%20glossary.pdf"><font size="+2"><b>New - Zeland Glossary</b></font></a><br> </p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center">&nbsp; </p> <p align="center"><i><a href="#pr0"><font face="Times New Roman, Times, serif" size="+1">[ 25@=CBLAO 2 =0G0;> 4>:C<5=B0 ]</font></a></i></p> <hr size="5"> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="left">&nbsp;</p> <p align="left">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center">&nbsp;</p> </body> </html>
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