New ഀ Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising ഀ two main landmasses, (the North Island and the South Island,) and numerous smaller ഀ islands, most notably Stewart Island/Rakiura and the Chatham Islands. The indigenous ഀ Mori named New Zealand Aotearoa, commonly translated as The Land of the Long ഀ White Cloud. The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue ഀ (self-governing but in free association); Tokelau; and the Ross Dependency (New ഀ Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica).
ഀഀ New Zealand is notable for its geographic isolation, ഀ situated about 2000 km (1250 miles) southeast of Australia across the Tasman ഀ Sea, and its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji and Tonga. ഀ During its long isolation New Zealand developed a distinctive fauna dominated ഀ by birds, a number of which became extinct after the arrival of humans and the ഀ mammals they introduced.ഀ
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New ഀ Zealand comprises two main islands, the North and South Islands, TeIka a Maui ഀ and Te Wai Pounamu respectively in Mori, and a number of smaller islands, located ഀ near the centre of the water hemisphere. Cook Strait ഀ (see pictures NZ.1.01), 20 km wide at its narrowest point, separates the North ഀ and South Islands. The total land area, 268,680 square kilometres (103,738 sq ഀ mi), is a little less than that of Italy and Japan, and a little more than the ഀ United Kingdom. The country extends more than 1,600 kilometres (1,000 miles) ഀ along its main, north-north-east axis, with approximately 15,134 km (9,404 mi) ഀ of coastline. The most significant of the smaller inhabited islands include ഀ Stewart Island/Rakiura; Waiheke Island, in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf; Great Barrier ഀ Island, east of the Hauraki Gulf; and the Chatham Islands, named R?kohu by Moriori. ഀ The country has extensive marine resources, with the seventh-largest Exclusive ഀ Economic Zone in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1.5 ഀ million sq mi), more than 15 times its land area.
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The ഀ
South Island (see pictures NZ.1.02) is the largest ഀ
land mass of New Zealand, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, ഀ
the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3754 metres (12,320 ft).
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There ഀ are 18 peaks over 3,000 metres (10,000 ft) in the South Island. The North Island ഀ is less mountainous but is marked by volcanism. The highest North Island mountain, ഀ Mount Ruapehu (2,797 m / 9,177 ft), is an active cone volcano. The dramatic ഀ and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the production ഀ of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy ഀ and the The Last Samurai. ഀ
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The ഀ country owes its varied topography, and perhaps even its emergence above the ഀ waves, to the dynamic boundary it straddles between the Pacific and Indo-Australian ഀ Plates (see pictures NZ.1.03). ഀ
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New Zealand ഀ is part of Zealandia, a continent nearly half the size of Australia that is ഀ otherwise almost completely submerged. About 25 million years ago, a shift in ഀ plate tectonic movements began to pull Zealandia apart forcefully, with this ഀ now being most evident along the Alpine Fault and in the highly active Taupo ഀ volcanic zone. The tectonic boundary continues as subduction zones east of the ഀ North Island along the Hikurangi Trench to continue north of New Zealand along ഀ the Kermadec Trench and the Tonga Trench which is mirrored in the south by the ഀ Puysegur Trench. ഀ
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Presentation ഀ
№ 1 "Ingles New Zealand"
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The ഀ latitude of New Zealand, from approximately 34 to 47°S, corresponds closely ഀ to that of Italy in the Northern Hemisphere. However ഀ (see pictures NZ.1.04), its isolation from continental influences and exposure ഀ to cold southerly winds and ocean currents give the climate a much milder character. ഀ ഀ
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The ഀ climate (see pictures NZ.1.05) throughout the country ഀ is mild and temperate, mainly maritime, with temperatures rarely falling below ഀ 0°C (32°F) or rising above 30°C (86°F) in populated areas. Historical maxima ഀ and minima are 42.4°C (108.3°F) in Rangiora, Canterbury and -21.6°C (-6.9°F) ഀ in Ophir, Otago. Conditions vary sharply across regions from extremely wet on ഀ the West Coast of the South Island to semi-arid (K?ppen BSh) in the Mackenzie ഀ Basin of inland Canterbury and subtropical in Northland. Of the main cities, ഀ Christchurch is the driest, receiving only 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year. ഀ
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Auckland ഀ (see pictures NZ.1.06), the wettest, receives almost twice that amount. Auckland, ഀ Wellington and Christchurch all receive a yearly average in excess of 2000 hours ഀ of sunshine per annum. The southern and south-western parts of South Island ഀ have a cooler and cloudier climate, with around 1400-1600 hours; the northern ഀ and north-eastern parts of the South Island are the sunniest areas of the country ഀ and receive approximately 2400-2500 hours. ഀ
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Presentation ഀ № 2"Auckland - New Zealand"
ഀPresentation ഀ
№ 3"Image of New Zealand"
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The ഀ population is mostly of European descent, with ഀ the indigenous Mori being the largest minority. Asians and non-Mori Polynesians ഀ are also significant minorities, especially in the urban areas. Elizabeth ഀ II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the Head of State and, in her absence, ഀ is represented by a non-partisan Governor-General. She has no real political ഀ influence, and her position is essentially symbolic. Political power is held ഀ by the democratically elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership ഀ of the Prime Minister, who is the head of government. New Zealand's open economy ഀ is known for being one of the world's most free market capitalist economies.
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ഀ New ഀ
Zealand is one of the most recently settled major landmasses. The first settlers ഀ
of New Zealand were Eastern Polynesians who came to New Zealand, probably ഀ
in a series of migrations, sometime between around AD 800 and 1300.Over the ഀ
next few centuries these settlers developed into a distinct culture now known ഀ
as Mori. The population was divided into Iwi (tribes) and hap (subtribes) ഀ
which would co-operate, compete and sometimes fight with each other. At some ഀ
point a group of Mori migrated to the Chatham Islands where they developed ഀ
their own distinct Moriori culture.
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The ഀ first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were Dutch explorer Abel ഀ Janszoon Tasman and his crew in 1642. Mori killed several of the crew and ഀ no Europeans returned to New Zealand until British explorer James Cook's voyage ഀ of 1768-71. Cook reached New Zealand in 1769 and mapped almost the entire ഀ coastline. Following Cook, New Zealand was visited by numerous European and ഀ North American whaling, sealing and trading ships. They traded European food ഀ and goods, especially metal tools and weapons, for Mori timber, food, artefacts ഀ and water. On occasion, Europeans traded goods for sex. The potato and the ഀ musket transformed Mori agriculture and warfare, although the resulting Musket ഀ Wars died out once the tribal imbalance of arms had been rectified. From the ഀ early nineteenth century, Christian missionaries began to settle New Zealand, ഀ eventually converting most of the M?ori population, who had become disillusioned ഀ with their indigenous faith by the introduction of Western culture. ഀ
Becoming ഀ
aware of the lawless nature of European settlement and increasing interest ഀ
in the territory by the French, the British government sent William Hobson ഀ
to New Zealand to claim sovereignty and negotiate a treaty with Mori. The ഀ
Treaty of Waitangi was first signed in the Bay of Islands on 6 February 1840. ഀ
The drafting was done hastily and confusion and disagreement continues to ഀ
surround the translation. The Treaty is regarded as New Zealand's foundation ഀ
as a nation and is revered by Mori as a guarantee of their rights. Hobson ഀ
initially selected Okiato as the capital in 1840, before moving the seat of ഀ
government to Auckland in 1841.
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Under ഀ
British rule New Zealand had been part of the colony of New South Wales. In ഀ
1840 New Zealand became its own dominion, which signalled increasing numbers ഀ
of European settlers particularly from the British Isles. At first, Mori were ഀ
eager to trade with the 'Pakeha', as they called them, and many iwi (tribes) ഀ
became wealthy. As settler numbers increased, conflicts over land led to the ഀ
New Zealand Land Wars of the 1860s and 1870s, resulting in the loss of much ഀ
M?ori land. The detail of European settlement and the acquisition of land ഀ
from M?ori remain controversial.
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ഀ Representative ഀ
government for the colony was provided for by the passing of the 1852 New ഀ
Zealand Constitution Act by the United Kingdom. The 1st New Zealand Parliament ഀ
met for the first time in 1854. In 1856 the colony became effectively self-governing ഀ
with the grant of responsible government over all domestic matters other than ഀ
native policy. Power in this respect would be transferred to the colonial ഀ
administration in the 1860s. In 1863 Premier Alfred Domett moved a resolution ഀ
that the capital transfer to a locality in Cook Strait, apparently due to ഀ
concern the South Island could form a separate colony. Commissioners from ഀ
Australia (chosen for their neutral status) advised Wellington as suitable ഀ
because of its harbour and central location, and parliament officially sat ഀ
there for the first time in 1865. In 1893, the country became the first nation ഀ
in the world to grant women the right to vote. In 1907, New Zealand became ഀ
an independent Dominion and a fully independent nation in 1947 when the Statute ഀ
of Westminster (1931) was ratified, although in practice Britain had ceased ഀ
to play any real role in the government of New Zealand much earlier than this. ഀ
As New Zealand became more politically independent it became more dependent ഀ
economically; in the 1890s, refrigerated shipping allowed New Zealand to base ഀ
its entire economy on the export of meat and dairy products to Britain.
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New Zealand was an enthusiastic member of the ഀ
British Empire, fighting in the Boer War, World War I and World War II and ഀ
supporting Britain in the Suez Crisis. The country was very much a part of ഀ
the world economy and suffered as others did in the Great Depression of the ഀ
1930s. The depression led to the election of the first Labour government, ഀ
which established a comprehensive welfare state and a protectionist economy. ഀ
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New ഀ
Zealand experienced increasing prosperity following World War II. However, ഀ
some social problems were developing; Mori had begun to move to the cities ഀ
in search of work and excitement rather than the traditional rural way of ഀ
life. A Mori protest movement would eventually form, criticising Eurocentrism ഀ
and seeking more recognition of Mori culture and the Treaty of Waitangi, which ഀ
they felt had not been fully honoured. In 1975 a Waitangi Tribunal was set ഀ
up to investigate alleged breaches of the Treaty, and enabled to investigate ഀ
historic grievances in 1985. In common with all other developed countries, ഀ
social developments accelerated in the 1970s and social and political mores ഀ
changed. By the 1970s, the traditional trade with Britain was threatened because ഀ
of Britain's membership of the European Economic Community. Great economic ഀ
and social changes took place in the 1980s under the 4th Labour government ഀ
largely led by Finance Minister Roger Douglas, and commonly referred to as ഀ
"Rogernomics."
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New ഀ
Zealand has a modern, prosperous, developed economy with an estimated nominal ഀ
Gross domestic product (GDP) of US$128.1 billion (2008). The country has a ഀ
relatively high standard of living with an estimated GDP per capita of US$30,234 ഀ
in 2008, comparable to Southern Europe, e.g. Spain US$33,385, but lower than ഀ
the United States at US$46,820. Since 2000 New Zealand has made substantial ഀ
gains in median household income. New Zealand, along with Australia, largely ഀ
escaped the early 2000s recession that affected most other Western countries.
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New ഀ
Zealanders have a high level of life satisfaction as measured by international ഀ
surveys; this is despite lower GDP per-head levels than many other OECD countries. ഀ
The country was ranked 20th on the 2006 Human Development Index and 15th in ഀ
The Economist's 2005 worldwide quality-of-life index The country was ranked ഀ
1st in life satisfaction and 5th in overall prosperity in the 2007 Legatum ഀ
Institute prosperity index. In addition, the 2007 Mercer Quality of Living ഀ
Survey ranked Auckland 5th place and Wellington 12th place in the world on ഀ
its list. Taxation in New Zealand is lighter than in other OECD countries. ഀ
New Zealand is one of the most free market capitalist economies according ഀ
to economic freedom indices.
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The service sector is the largest sector in the economy (68.8% of GDP), followed ഀ
by manufacturing and construction (26.9% of GDP) and the farming/raw materials ഀ
extraction (4.3% of GDP).
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New ഀ
Zealand is a country heavily dependent on free trade, particularly in agricultural ഀ
products. Exports account for around 24% of its output, which is a relatively ഀ
high figure (it is around 50% for many smaller European countries).This makes ഀ
New Zealand particularly vulnerable to international commodity prices and ഀ
global economic slowdowns. Its principal export industries are agriculture, ഀ
horticulture, fishing and forestry. These make up about half of the country's ഀ
exports. Its major export partners are Australia 20.5%, US 13.1%, Japan 10.3%, ഀ
China 5.4%, UK 4.9% (2006).Tourism plays a significant role in New Zealand's ഀ
economy. Tourism contributes $12.8 billion (or 8.9%) to New Zealand's total ഀ
GDP and supports nearly 200,000 full-time equivalent jobs (9.9% of the total ഀ
workforce in New Zealand). Tourists to New Zealand are expected to increase ഀ
at a rate of 4% annually up to 2013.
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The ഀ
New Zealand dollar is the currency of New Zealand. It also circulates in the ഀ
Cook Islands (see also Cook Islands dollar), Niue, Tokelau, and the Pitcairn ഀ
Islands. It is often informally known as the "Kiwi (dollar)".
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ഀ Much of ഀ
contemporary New Zealand culture is derived from British roots. It also includes ഀ
significant influences from American, Australian and Mori cultures, along with ഀ
those of other European cultures and - more recently - non-Mori Polynesian and ഀ
Asian cultures. Large festivals in celebration of Diwali and Chinese New Year ഀ
are held in several of the larger centres. The world's largest Polynesian festival, ഀ
Pasifika, is an annual event in Auckland. Cultural links between New Zealand ഀ
and the United Kingdom are maintained by a common language, sustained migration ഀ
from the United Kingdom, and many young New Zealanders spending time in the ഀ
United Kingdom on their "overseas experience" (OE). The music and ഀ
cuisine of New Zealand are similar to that of Britain and the United States, ഀ
although both have some distinct New Zealand and Pacific qualities.
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Mori culture has undergone considerable change ഀ
since the arrival of Europeans; in particular the introduction of Christianity ഀ
in the early 19th century brought about fundamental change in everyday life. ഀ
Nonetheless the perception that most Mori now live similar lifestyles to their ഀ
P?keh? neighbours is a superficial one. In fact, Mori culture has significant ഀ
differences, for instance the important role which the marae and the extended ഀ
family continue to play in communal and family life. As in traditional times, ഀ
Mori habitually perform karakia to ensure the favourable outcome of important ഀ
undertakings, but today the prayers used are generally Christian. Mori still ഀ
regard their allegiance to tribal groups as a vital part of personal identity, ഀ
and Mori kinship roles resemble those of other Polynesian peoples. As part of ഀ
the resurgence of Mori culture that came to the fore in the late 20th century, ഀ
the tradition-based arts of kapa haka (song and dance), carving and weaving ഀ
are now more widely practiced, and the architecture of the marae maintains strong ഀ
links to traditional forms. Mori also value their connections to Polynesia, ഀ
as attested by the increasing popularity of waka ama (outrigger canoe racing), ഀ
which is now an international sport involving teams from all over the Pacific.
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ഀ Sport ഀ
has a major role in New Zealand's culture, with the unofficial national sport ഀ
of rugby (see pictures NZ.6.01) union being particularly ഀ
influential. Other popular participatory sports include cricket, bowls, netball, ഀ
soccer, motorsport, golf, swimming and tennis. New Zealand has strong international ഀ
teams in several sports including rugby union, netball, cricket, rugby league, ഀ
and softball. New Zealand also does traditionally well in the sports of rowing, ഀ
yachting and cycling. The country is internationally recognised for performing ഀ
well on a medals-to-population ratio at Olympic Games and Commonwealth Games.
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Rugby ഀ
union, commonly referred to as rugby, is closely linked to the country's national ഀ
identity. The national rugby team, the All Blacks, has the best win to loss ഀ
record of any national team, and is well known for the haka (a traditional M?ori ഀ
challenge) performed before the start of international matches. New Zealand ഀ
is also well known for its extreme sports and adventure tourism. Its reputation ഀ
in extreme sports extends from the establishment of the world's first commercial ഀ
bungy jumping site at Queenstown in the South Island in November 1988. Mountaineering ഀ
is also popular, with the country's most famous climber being the late Sir Edmund ഀ
Hillary, the first person to reach the summit of Mount Everest.
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(pictures ഀ NZ.6.01)
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